ap Exam 1 Study Guide

These vocabulary flashcards cover key concepts from the Exam 1 study guide, including definitions and important terms related to anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and biological compounds.

Characteristics of Living Things

Cellular composition, metabolism, growth, etc.

Structural Organization

Hierarchy from atom to organism.

Anatomical Position

Standard position of the body used as a reference point in anatomy.

Directional Terms

Terms that describe the location of one body structure in relation to another.

Regional Terms

Specific terms used to designate areas of the body.

Planes of the Body

Imaginary lines that divide the body into sections.

Cavities

Spaces within the body that house internal organs.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Feedback Loops

Mechanisms that regulate homeostasis, including negative and positive feedback.

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element.

Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up an atom.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a charge.

pH

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Ionic Bonding

Chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonding

A type of chemical bond where atoms share pairs of electrons.

Hydrogen Bonding

Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

Endergonic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy.

Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy.

Catabolic Reaction

A metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units.

Anabolic Reaction

A metabolic pathway that builds complex molecules from simpler ones.

Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between two species.

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Organic Compounds

Compounds primarily made of carbon and hydrogen, including carbohydrates and lipids.

Monomers

Small, basic molecular units that can join together to form polymers.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Protein Structure Levels

The four levels are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

ATP

A molecule that carries energy within cells.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.