Endocrine System

https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/17-2-hormones

GH - growth hormone

promotes growth of body tissues/ tissue growth (adrenohypophysis)

PRL- prolactin

promotes milk productions (adrenohypophysis)

TSH- thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates thyroid hormone release/ production (adrenohypophysis)

ACTH- adrencorticotropin hormone

stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex (adrenohypophysis)

FSH- Follicle-Stimulating hormone

stimulates gamete production/ Egg production & estrogen production and testosterone/sperm (adrenohypophysis)

LH - Luteinizing Hormone

Stimulates androgen production by gonads (adrenohypophysis)

Progesterone

predominately female sex hormone important in regulating the female reproductive cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy

ADH- antidiuretic hormone

stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys (neurohypophysis)

OXT or OT - oxytocin

stimulates smooth muscle contractions ie. uterine contractions during childbirth (neurohypophysis)

Thyroxine (T4) or Triiodothyronine (T3)

stimulates basal metabolic rate ( thyroid)

Calcitonin

reduces blood calcium (Ca) levels ( thyroid)

PTH- parathyroid hormone / parathormone

increase blood calcium (Ca) levels ( parathyroid)

Aldosterone

Increases blood Sodium( Na) levels (adrenal cortex)

Cortisol , Corticosterone, Cortisone

Increase blood glucose levels ( adrenal cortex)

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

stimulates fight-or-flight response (adrenal medulla)

melatonin

regulates sleep cycles ( pineal gland)

MSH- melanin-stimulating hormone

increases melanin productions, typically seen in pregnant people and children (dars intermedialis)

Insulin

reduces blood glucose levels (pancreas)

Normal glucose levels

70-99 mg/dL

Prediabetic glucose levels

100-125 mg/dL

Diabetic glucose levels

126+ mg/dL

Glucagon

Increase blood glucose levels (pancreas)

Testosterone

Stimulates development of sex characteristics ie. a deeper voice, increased muscle mass, development of body hair, and sperm production (testes)

Estrogen and Progesterone

Stimulate development of sex characteristics ie. the development of adipose(fatty) and breast tissue, and prepare the body for childbirth (ovaries)

ANP- Atrial natriuretic peptide

reduced blood volume, blood pressure, and NA/ Sodium concentration (cardio)

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

Aids digestion of food and buffering of stomach aids ( GI tract)

GIP- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and GLP-1 : glucagon-like peptide

stimulate beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin (GI tract)

Renin

stimulates release of aldosterone (kidneys)

Calcitrol/ 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Aids in absorption of Calcium /Ca (kidneys)

EPO-Erythropoietin

Triggers the formation of RBC in the bone marrow (kidneys)

FGF23- Fibrous growth factor 23

Inhibits production of calcitriol and increases phosphate excretion (skeleton)

Osteocalcin

Increases insulin production (skeleton)

Leptin

Promotes satiety signals in the brain, feeling satisfied when eating (adipose tissue/ body fat)

Adineponectin

reduces insulin resistance (adipose tissues)

Cholecalciferol

modified to form vitamin C (skin)

Thymosins

aids in the development of T-lymphocytes of the immune system ( thymus)

Insulin-like growth factor-1

stimulates bodily growth (liver/hepatic)

Angiotensinogen

raise BP (liver/hepatic)

Thrombopoetin

causes increase in platelets (liver)

Hepcidin

blocks release of iron into body fluids( liver)

Somatostatin

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Water soluble hormone(s)

amine, peptide, and protein hormones

Lipid-soluble hormone(s)

steroid hormones

Lipid soluble hormones bind to…

…intercellular hormone receptors

Water soluble hormones bind to…

…cell membrane hormone receptors.

Hyposecretion of hGH leads to what disorders?

hypopituitary dwarfism and hypoglycemia

Hypersecretion of hGH leads to what disorders?

Giantism, Acromegaly,and Hyperglycemia

Acromegaly means

large extremities

Hypoglycemia symptoms

• shaking/trembling

• weakness

• sweating and chills

• extreme hunger/ polyphagia

• tachycardic

• dizziness/ lightheaded

• confusion

• anxiety/ irritability

• pale skin/ colour draining from skin/ pallor

• numbness/ tingling in lips, tongue or cheeks

• slurred speech

Hyperglycemia symptoms

• increased thirst (polydipsia) or hunger

• frequent urination

• headache

• blurred vision

• fatigue

• weight loss

• vaginal yeast infection

• skin infections

• slow- healing cuts and sores

Hypothyroidism symptoms:

• Dry hair

• Puffy face

• Goiter ( enlarged thyroid gland)

• Slow heartbeat / brachy cardia

• Weight gain

• Constipation

• Possible infertility

• Possible increased risk of miscarriages

• Irregular menstrual cycles

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

• Hair loss

• Bulging eyes

• Goiter( enlarged thyroid gland)

• Fast heartbeat/ tachycardic

• Weight loss

• Diarrhea

• Menstrual periods may occur less often or with longer cycles

Conn’s Syndrome/ Primary Androsterones symptoms:

• Increased aldosterone

• High BP

• Low blood potassium level

  • Muscles weakness

    • Paralysis

  • Muscle spasms

  • tingling/ numbness

  • Fatigue

  • Extreme thirst (polydipsia)

  • Frequent urination (polyuria)

• Headaches

• Muscle cramps

• Blurred vision

Hyperaldosteronism symptoms:

• Can be asymptomatic 

• High Blood pressure

  • Headaches

  • Dizziness

  • Vision changes

  • Difficulty breathing/ SOB

• Low Potassium Levels

  • Muscles weakness

    • Paralysis

  • Muscle spasms

  • Tingling/ numbness

  • Fatigue

  • Extreme thirst (polydipsia)

  • Frequent urination (polyuria)

Addison’s Disease symptoms:

• Steadily worsening fatigue

• Patches of dark skin (hyperpigmentation), especially around scars and skin creases, gums

• Abdominal pain

• Nausea/ vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Loss of appetite

• Unintentional weight loss

• Muscles pain

• Muscle spasms

• Joint pain

• Dehydration

• Low BP/ dizziness

• Changes in mood & behavior

  • Depression

• A craving for salty food

• Hypoglycemia

Cushing’s Syndrome symptoms:

• Red, round face/ moon face

• Hypertension/ high BP

• Diabetes

• Fat pad between shoulders

• Blurry vision 

• Dizziness

• Libido change

• Erectile dysfunction

• Easy bruising 

• poor wound healing

• Excessive hair growth 

• Purple stretch marks over abdomen

• General weakness and tiredness

• Weak muscles 

• Thinner arms and legs

• Stunted growth in children

GnRH (gonad

hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary to release LH, which will stimulate production of testosterone or progesterone. (hypothalamus)

CRH

TRH

hypothalamus sends this hormone to activate pituitary

PRH

hypothalamus sends this hormone to activate the pituitary’s PRL , targets mammary gland

GHRH

Hypothalamus sends this hormone to activate the pituitary’s GH, targets the liver and body

cortisol

anti-inflammatory response to allergies