Social studies final part 1 (consumerism, taxation, CCRF, collective rights)

grade 9 pat study guide (im too tired for this)

Perspective

particular attitude toward or way of regarding something

point of view

personal view

collective rights

• belong to a group of people

• affirm collective identity of groups

• create a society where people of different identities belong

• only Canada has them

• protected in charter

• made in 1982 with the constitution

who holds collective rights

• Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Metis, and Inuit)

• Francophones (French speakers)

• Anglophones (English Speakers)

why do these groups hold collective rights

• recognize the first people of Canada and founding people of Canada

• recognizes First Nations, Metis, and Inuit (FNMI) as Canada’s first people

legislation and policy affecting collective rights

• historical and modern treaties

• Canada’s constitution

• Indian act

• Manitoba act

Francophone history

• English used to be the language of business in Quebec

• F.L.Q started

• once it ended, Quebec voted in a new premier, which made bill 101, making French the official language

official bilingualism

• two official languages

  • French

  • English

• section 16 - 20

• language rights apply in federal

Minority language

one of the official languages spoken in a minority in a certain area

minority language education rights

• section 23

• states Francophone and Anglophone minority population of a sufficient size has access to publicly funded schools in their language

Francophone rights protected in Quebec

• Charter gives citizens the right to use both French and English

• Bill 101 promotes the use of French over English as much as possible

Bill 101 

• French over English as much as possible

• Quebec law to protect and promote French in Quebec  

  • French expresses their identity 

  • French should be the language of government, work, education, and business

Bill 101 problems

it banned the use of English on commercial signs and restricted English schools

section 25

Any rights or freedoms that are recognized by the royal proclamation or land claims or treaties are now protected and a guaranteed right 

Section 35 

• existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of Indigenous Peoples of Canada are recognized and affirmed 

• Indigenous rights under treaties or other laws are now protected under the Constitution 

Legislation applied to indigenous rights  

• Historical and modern treaties 

• Canada's constitution 

• The Indian act 

• Manitoba act 

Numbered treaties 

Proclamation recognized the First nations right to land and made peaceful treaties with them 

Big idea of the royal proclamation of 1763 

• affirmed first nation sovereignty over their land 

• Create peaceful treaties

Treaty  

An agreement or arrangement by negotiation  

Why were the treaties signed  

• Government wanted to build the railway to link British Colombia to the rest of Canada 

• To avoid wars

• Provide security to future indigenous generations

• To prevent the United States from expanding its boarders' northwards  

Collective rights guaranteed by treaties 

• First nations agreed to share their lands and resources in peace 

• In return, Canada’s government agreed to the terms covering first nations’ health care, education, reserves, annuities, hunting, and fishing, and other matters 

• varies throughout treaties

Annuities

• annual payments

• mostly symbolic today

• For example, members of treaty 8 receives $5 a year

Intent of the Indian act 

• Originally made to assimilate first nations 

• Considered ethnocentric, as it was created without consulting the first nations 

• Duncan Campbell Scott – main indigenous affairs person, was a key part in the indigenous assimilation 

Content of Indian act

1. Indian agents – power to decide how the government would fulfill its treaty obligations -  

2. Act defines who is registered as status Indians (only status Indians got first nation collective rights) - if you are not status, you will not get the benefits of collective rights 

3. Dictated how first nations people conducted their affairs, such as band elections, although first nations had their own ways of governing themselves 

4. Created residential schools 

5. Restricted the first nations to travel freely (leave reserves) 

6. Restricted political actions and voting 

7. Restricted traditional language, dress and ceremonies 

Indian act now

Act exists today but has been amended several times since 1876 

Manitoba act

• made Manitoba

• gave Metis what they wanted, eg. land

• made Manitoba a bilingual province

Metis

• main agreement was the Manitoba Act

• not subject to the Indian Act or the historical numbered treaties

• self-governance on settlements - can make bylaws that apply only to settlement

• settlements only exist in Alberta

• have collective rights that are entrenched in the Constitution (Section 35)

Powley decision

clarified Métis rights and proved that the Métis are distinct from other Indigenous people under the Canadian Constitution

Denotation

the literal meaning of a word

Connotation

• positive or negative emotions associated with the word

• how the word makes you feel

Harvesting agreement

gives Metis the right/license to hunt and fish in certain areas

CCRF

• A document that protects the interests of Canadians and provides a way to challenge perceived abuse of basic rights and freedoms through our court system.

• Applies to everyone, citizens or newcomer

• some rights only apply to citizens, ex: the right to vote. 

7 categories of CCRF

• Fundamental freedoms 

• Democratic rights 

• Language rights 

• Mobility rights 

• Minority language education rights 

• Legal rights 

• Equality rights

Making the CCRF

• It was enacted in 1982 

• Effectively replaced the Bill of Right that was made is 1960 

• increases the extend of and amount of our rights and freedoms 

• Forms a part of the constitution

• hard for the future government to decrease or limit the current rights and freedoms

Why was the charter enacted

• In 1960 and 1970, Quebec had concerns over language and social policy and western provinces were concerned about natural resources 

• P.M Pierre Trudeau asked the amend the British North America act to include the CCRF 

• Queen Elizabeth signed the constitution and Canada officially has its owned constitution 

• The process of “bringing it home” the constitution from Britain is call patriation 

British North America act

• Enacted in 1867 

• Essentially, the creation of Canada as its own independent nation with government under the Crown

• When Canada became a country, got a government, had a constitution that belonged to Britain, until it was brought home to Canada, where Canada had own government. 20 years later they added the CCRF into the constitution of rights 

what does the charter do

Charter regulates governments behaviour, not to exploit the citizens, the government's actions towards citizens 

Section one

• Supreme court can limit the rights in other sections of the charter with reason

• Prescribed by law, based in a law, must be passed in government 

Oaks test

what is reasonable and justified 

• Objective 

• Rational connection  

• Minimal impairment 

• Proportionality 

Section 33 – the notwithstanding clause

•  government restricting rights and freedoms 

  • must justify restricting rights (with reason)

war measures act

government can restrict rights in the case of an emergency

Right

a legal, moral, or social expectation that Canadians are entitled to from the government 

Freedom

is the opportunity to live your life without interference from the government unless you infringe on the freedoms of others

Responsibility

is your duty to do something. This goes hand in hand with CITIZENSHIP. This would include not violating others’ rights and freedom

Citizenship

being a citizen and fulfilling responsibilities

CCRF entrenched in the constitution

• The CCRF is entrenched in the constitution

• hard for future governments to limit the current rights and freedoms

• All rules connect to the charter

Amendments

change

Fundamental freedoms

• Freedom of expression  

  • Ability for individuals to freely express themselves

  • limits include: 

  • Violence 

  • Threats of violence 

Hate speech

• Any communication in speech, writing, or behaviour that attacks or uses discriminatory language when talking about a group or person based on who they are 

• If someone says in private conversation, cannot be put into jail, only in public spaces 

Democratic rights

• Every Canadian citizen of age has the right to vote 

• Every Canadian citizen of age has the right to run for public office 

• participate in government

Right to vote

• People have fought to vote to keep government accountable 

• “Free elections” often invite representatives from other countries to oversee their administration of their polling booths to ensure votes are counted equally 

• In Canada, our vote to right is a birthright or automatic  

Mobility rights

• being mobile, moving freely within the country 

• Right to remain and enter in Canada 

• Allows people to go anywhere to seek opportunities in their field of expertise 

• In some professions, they must meet the requirement of standards of the province 

• Some provinces had tried limiting these rights to make sure local residents had jobs first and not create a tax burden on local residents

Legal rights

• right to be tried by a judge or jury

• right to a lawyer

• innocent until proven guilty

• right to be assigned a lawyer if you have no money

• Right to be free from imprisonment, search and seizure backed by law and evidence

• Right to a fair public trial that assumes you are innocent until proven guilty

Equality rights

• Equality before and under the law and equal protection and benefit 

• Every person is protected against discrimination based on their background

• The right to be free no matter what background

• “equal pay for equal work” 

Prejudices

A feeling of unfair dislike directed against an individual or a group because of some characteristics (bias)

Stereotype

mistaken idea or overgeneralized belief many people have about a group of people

Discrimination

unjust treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex

Privilege

a right or liberty granted as a favour or benefit especially to some not others

Official language rights

• Either English or French may be used in parliament, including documents

• Members of the public can communicate with the federal government in either language 

• Federal government must provide services in English and French 

• Either language can be used in court 

Minority Education Language Rights

• French Canadian have the right to learn in French

• English in a French speaking area have the right to learn in English

• Have their children receive education in that language, paid by public funds

Four pieces of legislation that protect workers

• Canadian Human rights act 

• Canada’s employment equity act 

• Federal contractors program 

• Canada labour code 

four parts of Canada Labour Code

• Industrial relations 

• Occupational health and safety 

• Standard hours, wages, vacations, and holidays 

• Monetary penalties 

Industrial relations

• Govern workplace relations an collective bargaining between union and employers. Contains provision relating to dispute resolution, strikes and lockouts

• Outlines labour relation and responsibilities of employers, trade union and employees, trade union and business 

Occupational health and safety

• Establishes provisions to prevent workplace related accidents and injuries, including occupational disease  

  • Employers have a general obligation to protect health and safety of 

    • Employees while at work 

    • Non-employees who are in the workplace (ex: customers)

• Obligations on the following groups 

  • Employees 

  • Health and safety committee 

  • Health and safety representatives 

  • Occupational health and safety, employers, employees, making sure people are safe 

Standard Hours, Wages, Vacations, and Holidays 

• workers rights to fair and equitable conditions of employment 

• Employment conditions  

• Minimum working conditions 

• Hours of work 

• Minimum wages 

• Holidays 

• Annual vacation  

• Various types of leave 

Require employers to meet these minimum entitlements 

Monetary Penalties

financial deterrent to a non-compliance to the Canada Labour Code

Quality of life

• measure of personal and collective-well being 

• 84 indicators that makes a good quality of life (split into five main points)

Indicators of good quality of life

• Prosperity 

• Health 

• Society 

• Environment  

• Good governance

GDP

• Gross domestic product 

• How a nation measures quality of life 

• Measure of country's economic output that accounts for its number of people 

• Divides the gross domestic product by population 

• Way to measure money to measure quality of life 

Consumerism

• Economic theory that links to prosperity to consumer demand for goods and services 

• Makes consumer behavior central to economic decision making 

• Controls what happens in the economy 

• Consumer choices are due to values 

Five factors that drive consumerism

• Identity

• Health and safety

• Jobs

• The environment

• Marketing

Identity

• choosing what to buy what reflects ourself and our values

• influence from peers and the media

• express ourselves through what we buy 

Health and safety

• benefit our quality of life

• the government steps in to make sure we make informed decisions

• consumer health and safety is the focus of legislation in both Canada and US – or the focus of debates about it (product-labeling laws for food and cosmetics, laws about mandatory seat belts, Canada put laws that ban trans fats in some foods) 

Jobs

• when you buy a product, you connect to a chain of people and their job

• Your choice is what keeps them employed

• ex: people working in the factory, people that clean the factory, people that ship the item, etc.

The environment

• consumer choices affects the air, water, and land

• Canada and US has laws to preserve the environment

• both have ban leaded gasoline due to harm for humans and environments, appliances must be labeled energy efficient and meet government standards

• Increase of green products on the market due to government influence and consumer support

• How to engage in resource 

Marketing

• advertising must be true

• there are laws to prevent false marketing

• The competition act ensures healthy competition and fair business practices 

Social program

• services provided by the government and paid for by taxes

• reduce economic inequalities and promote the well-being of citizens

• decision of the government to provide or not

government levels funding services

• different levels of government provide funding for certain social programs

• Ex: the province funds health care because health care providers are trained for situations within the province

Health insurance

an agreement by a company to pay for your health services in exchange for a fee that you pay each month or year

Private health care

health care paid for by the individual

Public health care

Health care paid for by taxes

Good and Services Tax (GST)

a federal sales tax in Canada

Income tax

Tax based on a percentage of a person’s income

Sales tax

• tax paid at the time of buying a product or service

• based on a percentage of the price of the product or service

property tax

• what the province or city thinks should be tax on properties

• tax paid based on the value of a property

corporate tax

companies paying taxes

Canada vs. USA taxes

• Canada has more taxes, which means more funding for services

• USA has less taxes, hence, less services

Underground economy

• Economic activity based on buying and selling products and services illegally

• buying products without any tax

• impacts the tax base

Black market

another term for underground economy

tax evasion

• not paying taxes

• it impacts government funded services, as not enough tax revenue is coming in, meaning less funding

Tax base

all the economic activity in a society, taxed by government to pay for services

Taxation model

• a policy of a political party or government about what to tax, how much to tax, and how to spend taxes

• how a political party spends tax on reflects their values

Political Platform

• describes the official policies of a political party

• reflects their stance on issues linked to social programs and taxation models

• policies reflect the values of the members

• values can shift over time