Ap Gov Exam reveiw

Federalist 10

Federalist 10

Strong, united republic controls factions.

Brutus I

Antifederalist essays against Constitution.

Brutus I

Power of federal gov't sacrifices liberties.

Brutus I

Bill of Rights necessary for protection.

Declaration of Independence

All created equal with natural rights.

Declaration of Independence

Duty to change gov't if rights not protected.

Declaration of Independence

Balance between gov't power and individual rights.

Articles of Confederation

Limited central gov't, ineffective governance.

Each state sovereign, no taxation power.

1st Amendment:

freedom of religion, speech, press, peaceful assembly, petition

1st Amendment

Establishment Clause: limits gov't endorsement of religious activity, TJ's "wall of separation" metaphor

1st Amendment

Free Exercise Clause: limits gov't restrictions on your religious beliefs/practices

2nd Amendment

right to keep and bear arms

4th Amendment

no unreasonable searches/seizures, warrant requirement

5th Amendment:

no forced self-incrimination or double jeopardy

6th Amendment

right to counsel and a speedy and public trial

7th Amendement

right for citizens to have a jury trial in federal courts with civil cases where the claim exceeds a certain dollar value.

8th Amendment

no cruel and unusual punishments

9th Amendement

other individual rights (unlisted) exist (power to the people)

10th Amendement

powers not enumerated for the national government are for states

Reserved powers

powers set aside for states (those not given to the national gov't)

14th Amendment

contains the due process and equal protection clauses

Due Process Clause:

states cannot deny citizens their fundamental rights

14th amendment

basis of selective incorporation (applying the Bill of Rights to states)

Equal Protection Clause:

basis of court rulings in equal rights cases starting with Brown V Board of education

15th Amendment

eliminates suffrage restrictions based on race

16th amendment

collect taxes on incomes

17th Amendment

direct election of senators

18th Amendement

Prohibition on alcohol

19 Amendment

female suffrage

20 Amendment

Changes inauguration day to January 20th

21st Amendment

repealed the previous Eighteenth

22nd Amendment

two term limit for presidency

23rd Amendment

Votes to the District of Columbia

24th Amendment

poll taxes outlawed

25th Amendment

rules for presidential disability & v-p vacancies

26th Amendment

18 year old suffrage

27th Amendment

limited timing of congressional pay raises

Article I

Legislative branch

Article III

Judicial Branch

Article II

Executive Branch

Article I

Enumerated powers of Congress listed in the Constitution such as declaring war, levying taxes, and coining money

Article I

Interstate Commerce Clause: gives Congress the ability to regulate the economy

Article I

Necessary and Proper Clause: make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution

Article II

establishes the executive branch of the federal government, including the President and Vice President's powers and responsibilities.

Article III

Judicial Branch: Lays out the structure of the SCOTUS

Supreme Court and inferior courts as Congress sees fit, life tenure, and powers/jurisdiction

Article IV

Privileges and Immunities Clause: prevents state discrimination vs. citizens of other states

Article IV

Full Faith and Credit Clause: requires states to recognize civil court rulings of other states

Article V

Sets procedures for amending the Constitution

Article V

Amending the constitution

Article V

2/3 of Congress to propose and then 2/4 of state legislatures to ratify

Article VI

Supremacy Clause: places the U.S. constitution and national laws over those of the states

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review empowering the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

United States V. New York Times

Reinforced the freedom of the press, establishing a "heavy presumption against prior restraint" even in cases involving national security

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Race-based school segregation violates the equal protection clause

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race and ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School sponsorship of religious activities violates the establishment clause

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

Public school students have the right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War

the armbands represented symbolic speech

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor or indigent

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting and the development of the "one person, one vote" doctrine by ruling that challenges to redistricting did not raise "political questions" that would keep federal courts from reviewing such challenge

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the First Amendment

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment

Letter from a Birmingham Jail (By MLK)

Explained the importance and value of nonviolent resistance to racism and injustice

Letter from a Birmingham Jail (By MLK)

argued that individuals had a moral obligation to break these unjust laws rather than wait for justice.

Fed 51

Checks and balances