Chemical Bonds, Reactions, and Formulas

Flashcards covering chemical bonds, reactions, and formulas, based on lecture notes.

What type of bonding occurs between a metal and a nonmetal?

Electron transfer

What type of bonding occurs between a nonmetal and a nonmetal?

Electron sharing

What type of bonding occurs between a metal and a metal?

Electron pooling

Why do atoms bond?

To achieve a complete valence shell of electrons and lower their potential energy

What does VSEPR stand for?

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

What does VSEPR mean?

It means that since electrons do not like each other (because of their negative charges) they orient themselves as far apart as possible from each other. This lead to molecules having specific shapes.

What are considered 'domains' in VSEPR theory?

Lone pairs and atoms around the central atom

Describe a nonpolar intramolecular bond.

No charge, greasy feel

Describe a polar intramolecular bond.

Partial charge

What determines the amount of pull in a bond?

Electronegativity

What is hybridization?

Mixing of orbitals to obtain new orbitals that are all the same new shape and contain the same amount of potential energy.

Describe a nonpolar molecule.

Sometimes the bonds within a molecule are polar yet the molecule is non-polar because its shape is symmetrical.

Describe polar molecules.

Have lone pairs and/or not the same element all around; unsymmetrical

What is a hydrogen bond?

The attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an N, O, or F of a different molecule

What does H-bonding cause?

Adhesion, cohesion, capillary action, and surface tension

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

What are London Forces (Van Der Waals)?

A brief attraction due to random movement of electrons; very weak force

Which intermolecular force is the strongest?

H-bonding

Which intermolecular force is the weakest?

London Forces

What do intermolecular forces control?

They control phase changes!

Explain the expression 'Like Dissolves Like'

Polar chemicals tend to dissolve polar chemicals; nonpolar chemicals tend to dissolve nonpolar chemicals. Polar and nonpolar do NOT mix

What are the three types of compounds?

Ionic, Covalent, Acids

Describe an ionic compound.

Nonmetal + metal ions or polyatomic ions

Describe a covalent compound.

Nonmetal + nonmetal

Describe an acid.

Compounds containing H in front (usually)

What does a superscript refer to?

Refers to the charge

What does a subscript refer to?

Refers to the amount of atoms

How do you name the first element in a binary molecular (covalent) compound?

No name change; use a prefix for every number except 1

How do you name the second element in a binary molecular (covalent) compound?

Change the ending to -ide; ALWAYS use a prefix

What is a cation?

A positive ion (lost e-)

What is an anion?

A negative ion (gained e-)

What are monatomic ions?

Single atoms that have gained or lost an electron

What are polyatomic ions?

Groups of atoms that have an overall electrical charge

What does the anion ending -ate turn into when naming acids?

-ic acid

What does the anion ending -ite turn into when naming acids?

-ous acid

What does the anion ending -ide turn into when naming acids?

hydro-(root)-ic acid

How are hydrates named?

Name of ionic compound (prefix) hydrate, where the prefix tells the # of water molecules in the crystal

What is molar mass?

The collective mass of all the atoms in a compound, which makes up 1 mole of the compound; unit is g/mol

What is the formula for percent composition?

Part / Whole x 100

What is an empirical formula?

Formula of a compound that expresses lowest whole number ratio of atoms

What is a molecular formula?

Actual formula of a compound, showing the number of atoms present

What are the indicators of chemical reactions?

Emission of light or heat, Formation of a gas, Formation of a precipitate, Color change, Emission of Odor

What are reactants?

The substances you start with

What are products?

The substances you end up with; the reactants turn into the products

What does (s) after a formula indicate?

Solid

What does (g) after a formula indicate?

Gas

What does (l) after a formula indicate?

Liquid

What does (aq) after a formula indicate?

Dissolved in water, an aqueous solution

What is a catalyst?

A substance that speeds up a reaction without being changed by the reaction

What is a precipitate?

A solid that is formed from a solution

What are the diatomic elements?

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At

Describe a synthesis reaction.

Come together/fall in love; A + B -> AB

Describe a decomposition reaction.

Break up; AB -> A + B

Describe a single replacement reaction.

Cheater; A + BC -> AC + B

Describe a double replacement reaction.

Swinger; AB + CD -> AD + CB

Describe a combustion reaction.

Revenge; Cx Hy + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

How can you predict single displacement reactions?

The single element must be higher (in the scale graph) than the compound in order to react