AP Euro all IDs

Fall of Constantinople

• 1453

• ottomans seige and outnumber byzantines

• end byzantine empire

• led to migration of scholars and shifts in trade routes

Black Death

• wipes out 1/3 of euro population

• memento mori

• decline in feudalism

• mid 1300s

The Decameron

• by Boccaccio

• centers on people escaping black death

• selfishness, humor, excess, vulgarity

Hundred Years War

• causes French and English nationalism

• end of chivalry

• ended in 1453

• Land decimation

Humanism

• dedication to classical and/or biblical ideas

• human condition

Petrarch

• father of humanism

• rediscovered classical texts

• devout catholic

• sponsored by merchants

Machiavelli’s The Prince

• better to be feared than loved

• leaders should disregard morality in exchange for power

• countered idea of philosopher king

• foundations of political science

Castiglione

• wrote Book of the courtier

• how to be a gentleman/renaissance man

• increased power of royalty by encouraging nobles to agree with everything

Printing Press

• 1450

• spread ideas faster

• spread of vernacular bibles and vernacular literature

Vernacular Literature

• writings in language of the people instead of latin

• more literacy and spread of ideas

Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, Da Vinci

• High renaissance masters

• patroned by merchant families

rembrandt

• dutch naturalism

• Northern renaissance early to mid 1600s

• working class subjects

Tycho Brahe

• most advanced observatory at time

• mentored kepler

• detailed astronomical observations

Baroque

• reaction to renaissance art

• tension, extravagance, drama

• religous themes (used as a tool of the catholic church during counter-reformation)

• used by monarchs to show power

El Greco

• baroque painter

• catholic

• greek but part of spanish renaissance

Rubens

• counter-reformation

• flemish (belgium)

• baroque

• movement, color, sensuality

Scientific revolution

• movement of new ideas in science based on experimentation and logic

• challenge to classical and catholic views

Copernicus

• heliocentric theory

• “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

• published posthumously out of fear of persecution in 1453

Galileo

• supported heliocentrism

• experimental

• house arrest for challenging church

• 1st telescope

Isaac Newton

• united prevoius theories into Natural Laws

• invented calculus

• gravitation, inertia

Harvey

• circulatory system

• english

• empirical observation and experimentation

Paracelsus

• started with alchemy but later focused on chemistry

• pioneer of toxicology

Francis Bacon

• late 1500s

• scientific method

• inductive method (observations and data → broader conclusions)

Rene Descartes

• deductive reasoning (broader observations → find evidence to support)

• connected geometry and algebra

• philosopher and scientist

Johannes Kepler

• mentored by Brahe

• laws of planetary motion

• elliptical orbits

• supported heliocentrism

• mathematics + observations

Richard III

• last king to die in battle (war of the roses)

• house of york

• 1483-1485

Wars of the Roses

• 1455 - 1487 between houses of York (red) and Lancaster (white)

• over english throne

• Ends with Henry Tudor

The Tudors

• dynasty of Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I

• oversaw reformation and anglican church

• centralized power

Star Chamber

• used to punish nobles esp. those who defied the monarch

• helped boost monarchical power

• established by Henry VII

Isabella and Ferdinand

• monarchs of spain late 1400s

• spanish inquisition and reconquista

• centralized power through currency, marriage

• very catholic

Concordat of Bologna

• 1516

• agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X

• French ruler can control appointment of bishops

Jean Bodin

• french political philosopher

• theory of sovereignty

• member of estates

• favored strong central monarchy

Hugo Grotius

• dutch journalist

• called for international code of law, diplomacy

• gov based in law not force

• On the Law of War and Peace

The Habsburgs

• ruled over holy roman empire

• at some points ruled over Austria, spain, Netherlands, and parts of italy

• thirty years war

English Civil War

• fought between parliament and charles I

• Oliver cromwell

• royalists vs roundheads

• charles refused to respect parliament

Charles I

• 1625 - 1649

• divine right of kings, absolutism

• son of James I

• English civil war

James I

• father of charles I

• reigned in Scotland also (as James VI)

• 1603-1625

• stuart dynasty

• king james bible

Oliver Cromwell

• parliamentarian

• won English civil war - led the New Model Army against Charles I

• created Rump parliament

• devout puritan

• became Lord Protector of England (military dictator)

Louis XIII

• 1610 - 1643

• relied on Cardinal Richelieu

• supported protestant forces during 30 years war

• foundations of absolutism

Cardinal Richelieu

• chief minister for Louis XIII

• centralized power and strengthened monarchy

• weakened habsburgs

• implemented intendant system

Protestant reformation

• early 1500s

• led by Martin Luther

• combatted corruption and excess in catholic church

• personal interpretation of bible

• led to protestantism/lutheranism

Indulgences

Paid to catholic church to absolve sins, used to pay for church excess like architecture

St. Teresa of Avila

• advocated for monastary and abbey reform

• meditative prayer

• revival of spirituality

• counter/catholic reformation

Index of Prohibited books

• est. 1557

• list of books considered heretic/not catholic

• put in place at council of trent

• if people read, automatic excommunication

• Martin Luther’s works among them

Inquisition

• targeted protestants, jews, and muslims

• anyone against catholicism targeted

Book of Common Prayer

• 1549 to provide set of practices for anglican church

• compromise between catholic and protestant positions

• unified anglican church

Catholic/Counter Reformation

• combatted protestant reformation and losing members

• revival of spirituality

• revived power of papacy

• society of jesus (jesuits)

Anathema

Excommunication as punishment for speaking out against church, pope’s input not required

Christian Humanism

• focus on biblical works, especially in the vernacular

• critiqued church corruption

• deepen spiritual lives

Erasmus

• dutch christian humanist

• suggests ruler formed by study of classics and bible

• criticized church but catholic

• wrote In Praise of Folly

Sir Thomas More

• wrote utopia

• classical ideals, christian humanist

• executed by Henry VIII when refused to agree that King was supreme head of English Church

Martin Luther

• german monk who opposed catholic church’s corruption

• nailed 95 theses in 1517

• advocated for bible as highest authority not clergy

Calvin

• predestination

• more money and power shows you have God’s favor

• new middle class

• calvinist state of Geneva

Anabaptists

• adult baptism

• pacifists

• had some women in clergy

• would become amish (mennonites)

Jesuit Order

• founded by Ignatius of Loyola

• absolute obedience to papacy

• education

• missionaries

• fought protestantism

Council of Trent

• held 1545-1563

• counter protestant reformation

• affirm catholic doctrine

• reduce corruption

• revival of spirituality and papacy

Henry VIII

• powerful king of england

• Tudor dynasty

• initially devout catholic but split and created anglican church to get a divorce

• act of supremacy

Elizabeth I

• restores Anglican protstantism

• religous uniformity

• politique

Politique

• focus on state’s wellbeing above religious concerns

• religious toleration

Huguenots

• French calvinists

• french wars of religion

Puritans

• england protestant extremists

• sought to purify church of england by getting rid of all catholic influence

• oliver cromwell

• left and eventually to new world

French Wars of Religion

• attempt at peace through marriage failed

• struggle between Catholics and huguenots

• culminated in edict of nantes

War of the 3 Henrys

• Henry of Navarre wins and begins Bourbon dynasty, becoming Henry IV

• Henry of Guise

• Henry III of Valois

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• 1572

• 5 days after wedding between protestant Henry of Navarre and catholic Margaret of Valois

• thousands of protestants killed by Catholics, sparking religious war

Henry IV of France

• originally Henry of Navarre

• Politique

• passes edict of nantes

• starts bourbon dynasty

• converted to catholicism

Philip II of Spain

• Ruled 1556 - 1598

• Habsburg dynasty

• grandchild of ferdinand and isabella

• supported the inquisition

• tried to dethrone protestant Elizabeth I, Spanish armada failed

Peace of Augsburg

• 1555

• allowed princes in Holy Roman Empire to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism

• calvinism not an option

Edict of Nantes

• 1598

• ended french wars of religion

• Established France as a catholic nation but tolerant of Huguenots

Spanish armada

• gathered by philip II

• decimated in english waters

Thirty years war

• 1618 - 1648

• holy roman empire land destroyed

• Catholics won Bohemian and Danish phases, Protestants won swedish and french phases

• culminated in peace of peace of westphalia, basically ended religious war in europe

• France-Hapsburg rivalry

Peace of Westphalia

• 1648 treaty

• ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic

• Renewed peace of augsburg but added calvinism as an option

  • gave more power to german princes = overall fragmented HRE

Commercial and religious motives of exploration

• God (spread christianity, jesuits)

• gold (mercantilism, luxury goods)

• glory (nationalism, competition)

Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1494

• divided world in half

• Portugal gets east, spain gets west

• mediated by pope alexander VI

Mercantilism

• finite amount of wealth (pie)

• domestic power

• mineral wealth

• exports > imports

• Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Navigational technology

• allowed for longer (time and distance) voyages with less risk of getting lost

• faster cargo delivery

• cartography, compass, astrolobe, caraval

Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and South America

• trading posts not colonies

• seeked sea route to africa

• creating slave trade/triangle trade

Spain in Americas, Caribbean, pacific

• spread catholicism (jesuits)

• establishing colonies not just trading posts

• gold was a large motivator

The Columbian Exchange

• global exchange of goods, animals, plants, ideas, and diseases

• smallpox devastated

• center of economic power shifted to atlantic states

• capitalism

African Slave Trade

• millions of Africans forbibly removed

• natives dying from disease meant more africans needed for labor

• brutality

The triangle trade

• europeans go to africa to purchase slaves

• slaves sold to the Americas in exchange for raw materials

• europe uses raw materials to make manufactured goods to sell to Africa

Encomienda system

• Spanish settlers given a piece of land and the people on that land for forced labor by the crown

double-entry bookkeeping

• detailed accounting method

• balancing income and expences

• debts/credits

Bank of Amsterdam

• opened by dutch in 1609

• money economy

• promoted joint stock operations

• Dutch golden age

Dutch East India Company

• trading company established 1602

• to finance trade in Asia

• joint-stock company to pay for and divide risk of long voyages

• monopoly

British east india company

• established 1600

• similar to dutch but more focused on india

• large monopoly on indian goods

• military enforcement

English Landed Gentry

• recieved land from Henry VIII when he gave away monastary/abbey land

• wealthy landowners with significant sway in english politics

British parliament

• divided into house of lords and house of commons

• defined by magna carta and limited monarchical power

Spanish Hidalgos

• lower nobility in spain without title

• often were conquerers, had military succes

French Nobles of the Robe

• judges and administrators

• could buy positions

• educated self-made men

Substistence agriculture

• farming that meets only the needs of the farmer and their family, no surplus and sometimes not enough

Crop rotation

• two and three field systems where part of land lies fallow

• rotate between root vegetables/clover and cereal crops so no nutrient depletion

• led to surplus and fewer deaths

Price revolution

• more spanish silver and gold led to heavy inflation

• prices of necessities increased debt

Enclosure movement

• land previously available to peasants now closed off

• benefited wealthy land owners, hurt peasants = poverty = cities

Codified serfdom

• serfdom is enshrined in law

• occurred in eastern europe, abolished in western europe

Joint stock

• company formed to raise capital by selling shares to investors, limiting risk for individual shareholders

• often used to fund exploratory/trade voyages

German peasant revolts

• crushed by Holy Roman empire powers, princes

• 1520s

Effects of population growth

• urban movement

• strain on food production

Effects of migration to cities

• overcrowding

• poverty, crime, sanitation issues

• fewer jobs = lower pay

Calvin’s geneva

• city in Switzerland

• center for Calvinism

• strict religious discipline, adherence to laws

La Querelle des Femmes

• ongoing debate about women’s rights

• significant contributers were Mary Wollstonecraft, olympe de gouges