Biology - Chapter 11 - The Circulatory System

Open circulatory systems

Open circulatory systems

Found in most invertebrates, hemolymph is pumped into an interconnected system of body cavities or sinuses, where it bathes the cells directly

Hemolymph

A mixture of blood and tissue fluid that is the circulating fluid in an open circulatory system

Closed circulatory system

Found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates, tissue fluid surrounds the cells and provides a medium for diffusion of substances from the bloodstream to the cells

Atria (Atrium)

A chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body

Ventricle(s)

A chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the body

What is the diffrence between a open and closed circulatory system?

In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained within a network of blood vessels, separating it from tissue fluids, instead of being mixed with it

Septum

A wall of tissue that divides a body cavity or structure into smaller parts (divides a mammal’s ventricles into two parts)

Pulmonary circuit

The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs

Systemic circuit

The part of the circulatory system that delivers blood around the body

Plasma

• The fluid portion of the blood that carries all the other parts of the blood like carbon dioxide, dissolved proteins, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

What are the three features commons to all circulatory system?

• A fluid that transports materials around the body

• A network of tubes to carry the fluid

• A pump that pushes the fluid through the tubes

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Cells with no nuclei shaped like a biconcave disc that contains hemoglobin that helps it deliver oxygen and carbon dioxide

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

• Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Delivers nutrients to parts of the body and transports wastes

• Maintain body’s temperature

• Trasports hormones

Leukocytes

A group of cells that serve as the first line of defense against infections

Granular leukocytes (Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Uses chemicals that attack and kill microorganisms brought into the cells

Agranular leukocytes (Lympocytes & Monocytes)

Englufs microorganisms and some produces antibodies

Pus

A yellowish-white fluid formed in infected tissue, consisting of white blood cells and cellular debris

Platelet

A cell fragment in the blood that is necessary for blood clotting

Arteries

Carries blood away from the heart (Oxygenated and high in pressure)

Veins

Carries blood to the heart (Deoxygenated and low in pressure)

Capillaries

Blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and support the exchange of nutrients, waste etc.

Cardiac cycle

The heart beat

Systolic pressure

The blood pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts

Diastolic pressure

The blood pressure in the arteies when the heart relaxes

Sinoatrial node

The pacemaker that controls the heart beat through nerves, located at the junction between the superior vena cava and right atrium

Atrioventricular node

Serves as a conductor of nerve impulses, located between right atrium and ventricle

What are the three diffrences between arteries and veins

• Pressure

• Elasticity of blood vessel

• Oxygenated vs deoxygenated

What is present in veins that help blood move

Valves

Lymphatic system

A system that helps regulate blood volume and filter bacteria and other components of the blood

Lymphe node

An enlargement in the lymph vessels that acts as a filter to remove bacteria and foreign particles

Pericardium

Protective sac filled with fluid that lubricates the surface of the heart and root of major blood vessels

Coronary arteries/veins

Blood vessles on the heart that provide it with necessary nutrients

Blood pressure

The force of your blood on the walls of the arteries

Purkinje fiber

A conducting fiber that carries the electrical signals from the AV node to the muscle cells of the ventricles

Chordae Tendineae

Tendons that support the atrioventricular valves

Arteriosclerosis

The loss of elasticity and hardening of the arteries

Plaque (Artherosclerosis/Coronary heart disease)

Deposits of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other materials on and in the walls of the arteries. Cause of atherosclerosis/coronary heart disease

Angina

Pain in the chest, left shoulder, arm or neck caused by insufficient blood supply

Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

The death of cardiac muscle tissue due to oxygen deprivation

Angioplasty

A medical procedure that opens up a blocked artery by enlarging narrowed openings

Cholestrol

Bad cholestrol can cause plague to form, but good cholestrol can prevent that