Bio Chapter 4

Ribosomes

________: tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from MRNA; are either in the cytoplasm, attached to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), or attached to the outside of the nucleus.

Golgi apparatus

________: works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell.

Lysosomes

________: has digestive enzymes surrounded by membranes (animal cells only)

Transmission

________ electron microscopes: type of electron microscope; useful for studying the internal structure of a cell.

Flagella

________: long tail that helps prokaryotic cells move liquid environment.

nuclear envelope

The ________: encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm; has pores to allow certain things through.

Central vacuole

________: store organic nutrients, absorb water, and contain pigments that attract pollinating insects or poisons that protect against plant- eating animals.

Plasma membrane

________: separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment to protect the cells.

Nucleolus

________: inside then nucleus; where ribosomes are made.

Cytoplasm

________: region between the nucleus and plasma membrane; consists of various organelles suspended in cytosol.

Photosynthesis

________: The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water; occurs in the chloroplasts.

Stroma

________: a thick fluid within the chloroplast.

Endoplasmic reticulum

________ (ER): produces an enormous variety of molecules, is connected to the nuclear envelope, and is composed of smooth and rough ER.

Endomembrane system

________: the the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.

Cytosol

________: a thick, jelly- like fluid that cellular components are suspended in.

Matrix

________: Fluid- filled and contain enzymes for.

Magnification

________: refers to an increase in the objects image size compared to its actual size.

shortest distance

Resolving power: is the ability of an optical instrument to show two points of a specimen as separate entities even if separated by the ________.

Chloroplast

________: where photosynthesis happen; has 3 layers: outer membrane, inner membrane, inter membrane space.

Multi cellular organisms

________: plants, animals, and most fungi.

Microscope

________: an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.

Simple microscope

________: Uses one lens or a group of lenses in one unit to magnify objects.

animal cells

Function of vacuoles in ________: Store food, waste, and other materials.

Grana

________: stacks of thylakoids.

Gene

________: a stretch of DNA that stores the information necessary to produce a particular protein.

Compound microscope

________: Uses two types of lens to magnify an object; ocular or eyepiece lens and objective lens.

Transport vesicles

________: sacs made of the membrane that bud off from the rough ER and transport product from the rough ER to other locations in the cell.

prokaryotic cells

Pili: multiple short hair like tails that help ________ move and attach themselves to things.

Thylakoids

________: membrane- enclosed discs that trap light energy and convert it.

Light microscopes

________: can be used to explore the structures and functions of cells.

Cristae

________: inner membrane compartmentalized.

Vacuoles

________: large sacs made of a membrane that buds off from the ER or Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes

________: a membrane- bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells; can digest old /damaged organelles and destroy harmful bacteria.

cells

building blocks of life

microscope

an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye

Magnification

refers to an increase in the objects image size compared to its actual size

Resolving power

is the ability of an optical instrument to show two points of a specimen as separate entities even if separated by the shortest distance

simple microscope

Uses one lens or a group of lenses in one unit to magnify objects

compound microscope

Uses two types of lens to magnify an object; ocular or eyepiece lens and objective lens

Light microscopes

can be used to explore the structures and functions of cells

electron microscope

uses a beam of electrons, which results in a 100-fold better resolution than the light microscope

Scanning electron microscopes

type of electron microscope; examine cell

Transmission electron microscopes

type of electron microscope; useful for studying the internal structure of a cell

Cell theory

states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells

2 types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Prokaryotic cells

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic cells

protists, plants, fungi, and animals

basic features of all cells

Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes

cytosol

a thick, jelly-like fluid that cellular components are suspended in

ribosomes

tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from MRNA; are either in the cytoplasm, attached to the ER(endoplasmic reticulum), or attached to the outside of the nucleus

age of prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells are older than eukaryotic cells

size and complexity of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Prokaryotic are smaller and simpler, eukaryotic are larger and more complex

traits of prokaryotic cells

no nucleus, no organelles, cell wall, can have a flagella or

nucleoid

nucleus like region in prokaryotic cells; holds DNA

flagella

long tail that helps prokaryotic cells move liquid environment

pili

multiple short hair like tails that help prokaryotic cells move and attach themselves to things

traits of eukaryotic cells

have organelles, nucleus

organelles

membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions

cytoplasm

region between the nucleus and plasma membrane; consists of various organelles suspended in cytosol

chloroplasts

where photosynthesis occurs (plant cells only)

lysosomes

has digestive enzymes surrounded by membranes (animal cells only)

central vacuole

store organic nutrients, absorb water, and contain pigments that attract pollinating insects or poisons that protect against plant-eating animals

plasma membrane

separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment to protect the cells

content of the plasma membrane

phospholipids

2 regions of a phospholipid

hydrophilic "head" of a negatively charged phosphate group, and 2 hydrophobic non polar fatty acid "tails"

endomembrane system

the the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles

nucleus

control center of the cell, contains genes, and has a nucleolus, creates the components of ribosomes

gene

a stretch of DNA that stores the information necessary to produce a particular protein

The nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm; has pores to allow certain things through

nucleolus

inside then nucleus; where ribosomes are made

chromosome

one long chromatin fiber

number of chromosomes in the human body

46

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

produces an enormous variety of molecules, is connected to the nuclear envelope, and is composed of smooth and rough ER

Rough ER

production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins; "rough" due to ribosomes being attached to it

transport vesicles

sacs made of the membrane that bud off from the rough ER and transport product from the rough ER to other locations in the cell

smooth er

produces lipids, including steroids, and helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs

Golgi apparatus

works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

lysosomes

a membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells; can digest old/damaged organelles and destroy harmful bacteria

3 main functions of lysosomes

digest food, cleans up waste, and recycle old cell parts

vacuoles

large sacs made of a membrane that buds off from the ER or Golgi apparatus

function of vacuoles in animal cells

Store food, waste, and other materials

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water; occurs in the chloroplasts

Stroma

a thick fluid within the chloroplast

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

thylakoids

membrane-enclosed discs that trap light energy and convert it

mitochondria

produces ATP energy

Cristae

provide a scaffold for the molecular machinery that produces chemical energy that the cell can use

Matrix

helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions