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Ribosomes
________: tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from MRNA; are either in the cytoplasm, attached to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), or attached to the outside of the nucleus.
Golgi apparatus
________: works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell.
Lysosomes
________: has digestive enzymes surrounded by membranes (animal cells only)
Transmission
________ electron microscopes: type of electron microscope; useful for studying the internal structure of a cell.
Flagella
________: long tail that helps prokaryotic cells move liquid environment.
nuclear envelope
The ________: encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm; has pores to allow certain things through.
Central vacuole
________: store organic nutrients, absorb water, and contain pigments that attract pollinating insects or poisons that protect against plant- eating animals.
Plasma membrane
________: separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment to protect the cells.
Nucleolus
________: inside then nucleus; where ribosomes are made.
Cytoplasm
________: region between the nucleus and plasma membrane; consists of various organelles suspended in cytosol.
Photosynthesis
________: The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water; occurs in the chloroplasts.
Stroma
________: a thick fluid within the chloroplast.
Endoplasmic reticulum
________ (ER): produces an enormous variety of molecules, is connected to the nuclear envelope, and is composed of smooth and rough ER.
Endomembrane system
________: the the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
Cytosol
________: a thick, jelly- like fluid that cellular components are suspended in.
Matrix
________: Fluid- filled and contain enzymes for.
Magnification
________: refers to an increase in the objects image size compared to its actual size.
shortest distance
Resolving power: is the ability of an optical instrument to show two points of a specimen as separate entities even if separated by the ________.
Chloroplast
________: where photosynthesis happen; has 3 layers: outer membrane, inner membrane, inter membrane space.
Multi cellular organisms
________: plants, animals, and most fungi.
Microscope
________: an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye.
Simple microscope
________: Uses one lens or a group of lenses in one unit to magnify objects.
animal cells
Function of vacuoles in ________: Store food, waste, and other materials.
Grana
________: stacks of thylakoids.
Gene
________: a stretch of DNA that stores the information necessary to produce a particular protein.
Compound microscope
________: Uses two types of lens to magnify an object; ocular or eyepiece lens and objective lens.
Transport vesicles
________: sacs made of the membrane that bud off from the rough ER and transport product from the rough ER to other locations in the cell.
prokaryotic cells
Pili: multiple short hair like tails that help ________ move and attach themselves to things.
Thylakoids
________: membrane- enclosed discs that trap light energy and convert it.
Light microscopes
________: can be used to explore the structures and functions of cells.
Cristae
________: inner membrane compartmentalized.
Vacuoles
________: large sacs made of a membrane that buds off from the ER or Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes
________: a membrane- bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells; can digest old /damaged organelles and destroy harmful bacteria.
cells
building blocks of life
microscope
an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye
Magnification
refers to an increase in the objects image size compared to its actual size
Resolving power
is the ability of an optical instrument to show two points of a specimen as separate entities even if separated by the shortest distance
simple microscope
Uses one lens or a group of lenses in one unit to magnify objects
compound microscope
Uses two types of lens to magnify an object; ocular or eyepiece lens and objective lens
Light microscopes
can be used to explore the structures and functions of cells
electron microscope
uses a beam of electrons, which results in a 100-fold better resolution than the light microscope
Scanning electron microscopes
type of electron microscope; examine cell
Transmission electron microscopes
type of electron microscope; useful for studying the internal structure of a cell
Cell theory
states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from earlier cells
2 types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic cells
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
basic features of all cells
Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes
cytosol
a thick, jelly-like fluid that cellular components are suspended in
ribosomes
tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions from MRNA; are either in the cytoplasm, attached to the ER(endoplasmic reticulum), or attached to the outside of the nucleus
age of prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells are older than eukaryotic cells
size and complexity of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
Prokaryotic are smaller and simpler, eukaryotic are larger and more complex
traits of prokaryotic cells
no nucleus, no organelles, cell wall, can have a flagella or
nucleoid
nucleus like region in prokaryotic cells; holds DNA
flagella
long tail that helps prokaryotic cells move liquid environment
pili
multiple short hair like tails that help prokaryotic cells move and attach themselves to things
traits of eukaryotic cells
have organelles, nucleus
organelles
membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions
cytoplasm
region between the nucleus and plasma membrane; consists of various organelles suspended in cytosol
chloroplasts
where photosynthesis occurs (plant cells only)
lysosomes
has digestive enzymes surrounded by membranes (animal cells only)
central vacuole
store organic nutrients, absorb water, and contain pigments that attract pollinating insects or poisons that protect against plant-eating animals
plasma membrane
separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment to protect the cells
content of the plasma membrane
phospholipids
2 regions of a phospholipid
hydrophilic "head" of a negatively charged phosphate group, and 2 hydrophobic non polar fatty acid "tails"
endomembrane system
the the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles
nucleus
control center of the cell, contains genes, and has a nucleolus, creates the components of ribosomes
gene
a stretch of DNA that stores the information necessary to produce a particular protein
The nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm; has pores to allow certain things through
nucleolus
inside then nucleus; where ribosomes are made
chromosome
one long chromatin fiber
number of chromosomes in the human body
46
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
produces an enormous variety of molecules, is connected to the nuclear envelope, and is composed of smooth and rough ER
Rough ER
production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins; "rough" due to ribosomes being attached to it
transport vesicles
sacs made of the membrane that bud off from the rough ER and transport product from the rough ER to other locations in the cell
smooth er
produces lipids, including steroids, and helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs
Golgi apparatus
works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell
lysosomes
a membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells; can digest old/damaged organelles and destroy harmful bacteria
3 main functions of lysosomes
digest food, cleans up waste, and recycle old cell parts
vacuoles
large sacs made of a membrane that buds off from the ER or Golgi apparatus
function of vacuoles in animal cells
Store food, waste, and other materials
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water; occurs in the chloroplasts
Stroma
a thick fluid within the chloroplast
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
thylakoids
membrane-enclosed discs that trap light energy and convert it
mitochondria
produces ATP energy
Cristae
provide a scaffold for the molecular machinery that produces chemical energy that the cell can use
Matrix
helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions
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