Philippine Literature

Riddles

aka brain teasers. used as pastime of early filipinos

Bugtong, Paktakon, Patotdon, Tigmo

what are the 4 types of riddles? (BPPT)

Proverbs (salakwikain)

folk wisdom that provide guidance in daily living

Hele or oyayi

a type of folk song: lullaby/oyayi

Ambahan

a type of folk song: social entertainment (mangyan)

Kalusan

a type of folk song: work songs (ivatan)

Tagay

a type of folk song: drinking song (cebuano and waray)

Kanogan

a type of folk song: song of lamentation for the dead (cebuano)

Pamulinawen 

a type of folk song: old ilokano song about a girl with a hardened heart who does not need her lover’s pleading

Dandansoy

a type of folk song: a singer leaving her special someone to go back to her hometown (visayan)

Bi-ag ni Lam-ang

famous epic of ilokano

Bidasari

famous epic of Muslim/Malay/Maranao

Hinilawod

famous epic of Panay

Hudhud, Alim

famous epic of Ifugao

Ibalon/Ybalon

famous epic of Bikolano

Kudaman

famous epic of Palawan

Malakas at Maganda

what is the famous myth in the philippines?

Pasyon

Pasyon or Senakulo: narration of the passionof the christ (poem)

Senakulo

Pasyon or Senakulo: dramatization of the passion if Christ (perform on stage)

Awit

has twelve syllables, slow or adante (Florante at Laura)

Korido

has eight syllables, fast or allegro (ibong adarna)

Secular

the non-religious literature called?

Pre-colonial period

In this period, riddles, folk songs, epics, myths, legends, are prominent. Oral narratives.

Hispanic period

in this period, more on religious works, pasyon and senakulo, etc.

American period

in this period, english became the medium of instruction

The Philippines Free Press

a weekly english news magazine where Juan and Maria dela Cruz, were the male and female personifications of the philippines

Rafael Palma

he founded the Spanish-Tagalog bilingual newspaper

El Renacimiento

what was the first Spanish-Tagalog newspaper called?

Justo Juliano

he wrote the first filipino poem in english, the Sursum Corda.

Juan Abad

who was one of the first tagalog dramatist to use symbolism in their plays?

Tanikalang Ginto

Name the story: Liwanag, is caught in a dilemma: to marry her true love K’ulayaw or to remain indebted to her cruel guardian Maimbot who offers her a golden chain

Period of Imitation

writers during this period imitated American and British models and style

UP College Folio

published literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English; pioneers in short story writing

Paz Marquez Benitez

He was the model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot, ang message

Dead Stars

Written by Paz Marquez Benitez. First Filipino short story in English. a story of Alfredo Salazar, a man torn between his long-time fiancee, Esperanza, and a fleeting yet intense infatuation with another woman, Julia Salas

Philippine Collegian

Other term of UP College Folio

Period of Self-discovery

In this period, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing

Zoilo Galang

He blended local Filipino elements with influences from English and American literature

A Child of Sorrow

Written by Zoilo Galang. First Filipino novel in English. Lucio meets youngs ROsa and promises to wed each other. However, news reaches Lucios that Rosa is to wed another man. His father dies and Rosa too.

Jose Garcia Villa

He was a modernist and experimental Filipino writer

A Footnote to Youth

Written by Jose Garcia Villa. a story of generations of families marrying very young and questioning the wisdom of making life choices at a young age that must be lived in

Manuel Arguilla

He was the Mark Twain of the Philippines

How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife

Written by Manuel Arguilla. Leon returns to his hometown Nagrebcan with his wife, Maria who is willing to make sacrifices to live in a rural community for her to prove herself to her father-in-law that she is a worthy wife willing to live in the province.

Nick Joaquin

He was a Filipino writer but wrote about the Spanish. An icon of Filipino beer drinkers

May Day Eve

Written by Nick Joaquin. The main characters believed that when they saw each other in the mirror that fateful night, they were bound to be with each other. 

Carlos Bulosan

He went to US during the Great Depression

America is in the Heart

Written by Carlos Bulosan. Mirrors FIlipinos’ disillusionment of the great America dream

My Father Goes to Court

Written by Carlos Bulosan. A rich man brings charge against the narrator’s poor family for stealing the spirit of his family’s food

Paz Latorena

A member of the first generation of Filipino writers in English

The Small Key

Written by Paz Latorena. Soledad’s husband Pedro carries with him two keys-one big and shiny, and the other little and rusty. Soldedad unlocks the trunk to discover Pedro’s late wife’s clothing and burns it

Loreta Paras-Sulit

One of the great pioneers of Philippine literature in English

The Bolo

Written by Loreta Paras-Sulit. Clara was the eldest of the two sisters, a pregnant widow. Hungry and weakened, Sita, the younger, considers selling her sister Clara’s bolo to Old Hison’s store for money to buy food

Severino Reyes

Father of Filipino Drama and the Father of Tagalog Zarzuela (Lola Basyang)

Walang Sugat

Written by Severino Reyes. Tenyong, a young man, and Julia are deeply in love but their relationship is tested by the Spanish colonial rule. When Tenyong is forced to flee, Juia is pressured by her mother to marry Miguel.

Wilfrido Ma. Guerero

Founder and artistic director of the UP Mobile Theater and National Artist for Theater in 1977

Three Rats

Written Wilfrido Ma. Guerero. Gonzalo, Nita’s husband, returns home early, disrupting her secret rendezvous with Adrian, his business partner. Gonzalo reveals his knowledge of their affair and his meticulous plan for revenge through poisoning.

Hermogenes Ilagan (Ka Muhing)

Helped develop the Golden Age of Philippine Theater

Dalagang Bukid

Written by Hermogenes Ilagan (Ka Muhing). Angelita, a beautiful young flower vendor, and Cipriano, a hardworking law student, are deeply inlove. Angelita’s parents forced her into an arranged marriage with Don Silvestre, a wealthy and much older loan shark who is attracted to Angelita’s beauty.

Japanese Period

In this period, Filipino literature experienced a period of growth since English was banned by the ____

Haiku

What pattern: 5-7-5

Tanaga

What pattern: 7-7-7-7

Jose Ma. Hernandez

A filipino dramatist and educator and the first Filipino canon maker

Panday Pira

Written by Jose Ma. Hernandez. the legendary Pampanga blacksmith and cannon-maker who served during the time of Rajah Sulayman and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Francisco Soc Rodrigo

wrote about the Filipino soul

Sa Pula, Sa Puti

Written by Francisco Soc Rodrigo. Satrical comedy that brilliantly captures the Filipino passion for cockfighting through Kulas who uses up most of his savings that angers his wife Celing

Narciso Reyes

Awarded the Gawad Mabini award the with highest decoration in the Philippine Foreign Service

Lupang Tinubuan

Written by Narciso Reyes. about Danding who went back to his hometown with his Aunt Juana and Uncle Gorio to attend the burial of his Tata Inong, his father’s cousin

Liwayway Arceo

Predominantly wrote in Tagalog (women’s experiences)

Uhaw Ang Tigang Na Lupa

Written by Liwayway Arceo. from the perspective of a young daughter who recounts her family’s struggles during a period of immense hardship and war

Ophelia Dimalanta

Goddess of Philippine Poetry

Montage

Written by Ophelia Dimalanta. a poem about a career woman who describes her transition and her preparation from a fun-filled weekend to a pressure-laden Monday

Edith Tiempo

Writer of love sonnets

Bonsai

Written by Edith Tiempo. the speaker holds on to fragments and essences of her beloved, rather than the entirety, so that these cherished bits can be easily carried with her, no matter where she goes or what happens

Estrella Alfon

Most respected Filipino fictionist in prewar days

Magnificence

Written by Estrella Alfon. saved her child from the hands of a pervert, Vicente.

Gilda Cordero Fernando

Cultural icon of modern times in literature

The Visitation of the Gods

Written by Gilda Cordero Fernando. shows the death of idealism in the administration of public schools and the difficulty of sustaining one’s interest and motivation in improving the standards of education in the country

Amador T. Daguio

A teacher during the pre-war

The Wedding Dance

Written by Amador T. Daguio. about a husband and wife, Awiyao and Lumnay, who had been married for seven years. In spite of being in love with his wife, Awiyao feels the need to marry again in order to have a son

Kerima Polotan-Tuvera

Human experience in the eyes of a woman

The Virgin

Written by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera. Miss Mijares is past her youth and realizes that love and marriage have eluded her. She lives a dull life and behaves with stiffness camouflaging her tiredness and loneliness with ruffled and pastel-colored clothes

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales

Articulated the Filipino spirit in rural, urban landscapes.

Bread of Salt

Written by Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales. about a teenage boy who buys pandesal or _______. Everyday he walks by the house of the old Spaniard’s niece Aida whom the boy liked

Bienvenido Santos

Focused on the loneliness and the disillusionment of Filipinos in a strange and alien land

The Day The Dances Came

Written by Bienvenido Sanots. about the common desire of longing for one’s hometown among Filipino immigrants, like Fil Acayan’s desperation to befriend the Filipino dancers who perform at a nearby location

Alejandro Roces

Considered the country’s best writer of comic short stories

We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers

Written by Alejandro Roces. tells of an American soldier bragging about his ability to drink all kinds of liqour to a Filipino farmer, but in the end got drunk because of the lambanog that the farmer offered

Stevana Javellana

Author of the best-selling war novel in the United States and Manila, Without Seeing the Dawn

Without Seeing the Dawn

Written by Stevana Javellana. the first novel written by a filipino writer after the world war ll. Carding, who is called to be the son of misfortune, loses his first child and the land he is working. he becomes a soldier an fights the war in bataan

Amado V. Hernandez

Filipino Writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices

Mga Ibong Mandaragit

Written byAmado V. Hernandez. When Andoy, houseboy of the rich Montero family, was slapped by a Japanese officer and accused of being part of the resistance, he fled to the mountains and changes his name to Mando.