Anat Phys Final

When you shiver when it gets cold, you are demonstrating which of the following functions?

Responsiveness

Which of the following is the simplest level of organization that can do all of the following: reproduce, grow, be responsive, move, and metabolize?

Cell

Our tissue cells require constant inputs of oxygen and nutrients as well as waste removal. What is the lowest level of organization required to fulfill these needs and keep us alive?

Organism level

Biopsy samples from organs are sent to your lab for staining and then viewing in a microscope. Your area of expertise would be

histology.

If the nurse tells you that the vaccine is to be administered in your brachial region, you will need to uncover your __________.

arm

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

All living organisms are capable of digestion.

The fact that a single defective protein causes cystic fibrosis, a multisystemic illness, proves that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

An increase in normal body temperature triggers heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating.

How are the endocrine organ system and nervous organ system alike?

Together, they both regulate most of the activities of the body.

The peritoneal cavity contains the

small intestine.

Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position?

Palms facing inward towards the thighs

Which of the following is located in a median position?

mouth

The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle?

The knee is superior to the ankle.

The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?

The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.

Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal?

Posterior

A small, low-caliber bullet has entered your chest at an angle, through the right lung and then the heart. It is now lodged in heart muscle. The surgeon will have to open some closed cavities of the body and enter those spaces to remove the bullet. What is the order of the cavities and the correct cavities that the surgeon will have to open (starting from the outside)?

the thoracic cavity, the pleural cavity, the mediastinum, the pericardial cavity

Which of the following cartilage types has little ground substance and has a matrix dominated by collagen fibers?

fibrocartilage

\________ is a loose connective tissue, ________ is a fluid connective tissue, and ________ is a supporting connective tissue.

Adipose; blood; bone

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding muscle tissue?

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue are striated.

Which of the following accounts for most of the volume of connective tissues?

extracellular matrix

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is ________ tissue.

Epithelial

A difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes is

whether the cavity is open to the exterior or not.

Which type of epithelium secretes enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands?

Simple cuboidal

Which statement is true about nervous tissue?

Not all nervous tissue is located within the brain and spinal cord.

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple squamous epithelium

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

simple cuboidal epithelium

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

stratified squamous epithelium

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

soma

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

Skeletal

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

Cardiac

Which of the following secretion mechanisms does not match the product the glands secrete?

Apocrine secretion: hormones

The integumentary system protects deeper structures from which of the following?

Chemicals, Infections, Physical damage from impacts, Dehydration (water loss)

What role does the female integumentary system have in human reproduction?

Specialized integumentary glands produce milk.

What is the main role of vitamin D3 produced in the skin?

Uptake of calcium

The skin provides a somewhat waterproof outer shell that helps the body retain water. However, one of the integument's other functions involves losing water (along with salts and organic wastes). Which function is that?

Heat loss through sweating

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes

Identify the structures that are responsible for the stretching of the skin during pregnancy.

Elastic fibers found in the reticular layer of the dermis

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body

Which of the following contains large quantities of adipose tissue, blood vessels, and nerve cells, but does not contain any vital organs?

hypodermis

The following events are part of the skin repair process. In which order do they occur?

* Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
* Formation of scar tissue
* Inflammatory response
* Formation of scab

3, 4, 1, 2

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) ________.

keloid

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding skin color?

A person's skin color depends on the number of melanocytes present in the epidermis.

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

Which statement regarding skeletal muscle is true?

Skeletal muscles contain blood vessels.

As you unsuccessfully attempt to lift the 300-pound weights off the ground, you are demonstrating ________.

Isometric contraction

Why do individual muscle twitches have to be added together, as in summation or tetanus?

Multiple twitches add up to an increase in muscle fiber tension, which increases the strength of the muscle.

Glycolysis

is an anaerobic process

Which of the following statements is true?

The neurotransmitter is stored in the axon terminal of the motor neuron.

Which of the following events most directly occurs due to an action potential generated by the motor neuron?

ACh is released at the synaptic cleft.

The generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma is short in duration. Which of the following explanations describes why the reaction of the sarcolemma is short in duration?

AChE acts to break down the ACh in the synaptic cleft.

During the contraction cycle, which one of the following steps occurs?

During the power stroke, the myosin head shifts toward the M line of the sarcomere.

Which of the following statements is true concerning motor units?

Movement of the eyeball requires fewer muscle fibers with less tension being produced.

Which statement regarding "heat loss" is true?

Muscle contractions play an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature.

"Anaerobic endurance"

is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.

Smooth muscle cells

are spindle-shaped

Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle?

Cardiac muscle cells are striated

Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called ________.

menisci

Dorsiflexion involves ________ at the ankle joint and ________ of the foot.

flexion; elevation of the sole

Why is the elbow joint considered to be extremely stable?

The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock.

The muscle that produces the action of standing on tip-toes is the

soleus

Active muscles generate ________.

carbon dioxide and heat

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the muscular system?

Synthesize vitamin D3

Muscles that produce facial expressions pull on which of the following?

Skin

Which of the following best describes a motor unit?

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.

The difference in the action when comparing the biceps brachii to the flexor carpi radialis, is

one muscle flexes the hand at the wrist and the other flexes the entire forearm.

Which muscle would not move the scapula?

erector spinae

Muscles comprising the quadriceps group include the

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis.

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the

afferent division

Interneurons

are found only in the central nervous system.

Demyelination is the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The result is a gradual loss of sensation and motor control that leaves affected body regions numb and paralyzed. One demyelination disorder is multiple sclerosis. What is the name of the glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

The resting potential of a neuron is ________.

-70mV

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called ________.

graded potentials

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following?

hyperpolarization

Saltatory propagation occurs in _________ axons, in which action potentials _________.

myelinated; move from one node of Ranvier to another

During the action potential, when does sodium permeability initially DECREASE?

during the peak of depolarization

During an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for __________.

the repolarization phase

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.

presynaptic neuron

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane.

chemically gated; postsynaptic

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________.

either depolarize or hyperpolarize

The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?

acetylcholine

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

pia mater

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted

Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. Which area of his brain is most likely affected?

The right frontal lobe

During an EEG, alpha waves

are characteristic of normal resting adults

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

cerebellum

Which of the following statements is correct?

Spinal nerves outnumber cranial nerves

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

VII

The flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?

3

Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?

Epithalamus

The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).

False

The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum.

True

The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain. It is the site where conscious thought and intellectual functions originate. Disorders of the cerebrum can affect the ability to perform daily intellectual tasks, for example speaking, reading and motor control. Aphasia is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read and is often the result of a severe stroke or tumor that affects a large area of the cerebral cortex, including the speech and language areas. Dyslexia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words. A seizure is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behavior. Much of our conscious and intellectual functions reside in the cortex of the cerebrum. What is the name of the folds or convolutions that are found on the cerebral cortex and expand its surface area?

gyri

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

temporal lobe

A primary function of the skeletal system is

maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids.