Biomechanical Engineering/Zabala

28 years

peak bone density occurs at age...

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides body into anterior and posterior sides

mediolateral axis

perpendicular to sagittal plane

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

anteroposterior axis

perpendicular to frontal plane

longitudinal axis

perpendicular to transverse plane

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

medial

Toward the midline of the body

lateral

Away from the midline of the body

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

toward or at the body surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

flexion

movement that decreases joint angle

extension

movement that increases the angle of a joint

hyperextension

extension that is greater than 180 deg

abduction

moving a limb away from the midline of the body

adduction

opposite of abduction; movement of a limb toward the body midline

rotation

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

pronation

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward

supination

rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

dosiflexion

movement at the ankle that moves the instep of the foot up

plantar flexion

straightens the ankle joint causing the toes to point downward

functions of bone

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

clavicle

collar bone

scapula

shoulder blade

humerus

upper arm bone

ulna

medial bone of the forearm

radius

lateral bone of the forearm

carpals

wrist bones

Metacarpals

hand bones

phalanges

fingers

pelvis

hip bone

femur

thigh bone

patella

kneecap

tibia

shin bone

fibula

calf bone

Tarsals

ankle bones

Metatarsals

foot bones

tendons

attach muscle to bone;flexible and shock absorbent

ligaments

Connect bone to bone

trapezius

Elevates, depresses (depends on area of muscle being activated), adducts and upwardly rotates the scapulae

agonist

prime mover muscle

Antagonist

opposes the prime mover

synergists

assist with movement

fixators

hold a bone firmly so agonist has a stable base on which to move a body part

origin of a muscle

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

insertion of a muscle

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

rectus abdominis

flexion and lateral flexion of the trunk

Latissimus dorsi

Adducts, extends, internally rotates, and horizontally abducts the arm

Pectoralis major

Adducts, flexes, extends (depends on fibers being recruited), internally rotates and horizontally adducts the arm

Deltoid Anterior

Abducts, flexion, internally rotates and horizontally adducts the arm

Deltoid Medial

Abducts the arm

Deltoid Posterior

Abducts, extends, externally rotates and horizontally abducts the arm

Biceps brachii

Flexion of the elbow and shoulder, supination of the forearm

Triceps brachii

Extends the elbow, adducts and extends the shoulder (long head

Brachialis

Flexion of the elbow

flexor carpi radialis

flexes and abducts wrist

flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes and adducts wrist

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extends and adducts the wrist

Extensor digitorum

Extends the wrist

Sartorius

flexion, external rotation, and abduction at the hip, flexion and internal rotation at the knee

Rectus femoris (portion of quadriceps)

hip flexion and knee extension

Semimembranosus (hamstrings)

extension at the hip, and flexion and internal rotation at the knee

Semitendinosus (hamstrings)

extension and internal rotation at the hip, flexion and internal rotation at the knee

Biceps femoris (hamstrings)

extension at the hip, external rotation and flexion at the knee

Gluteus maximus

extension, external rotation

Rectus femoris (quadriceps)

hip flexion and knee extension

Vastus lateralis (quadriceps)

knee extension

Vastus medialis (quadriceps)

knee extension

Vastus Intermedius (quadriceps)

knee extension

Tibialis anterior

dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

Soleus

plantarflexion

bone mechanical functions

support body

provide lever system

provide protection

bone physiological functions

where blood cells form

storage reservoir for calcium

store minerals

organic matrix (collagen)

15% of bone tissue

water

20% bone tissue

mineral (calcium and phosphate)

65% bone tissue

cortical bone

hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone; ARRANGED IN OSTEONS

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone; NO OSTEONS, ARRANGED IN TRABECULAE

osteon

basic structural unit of compact bone

periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

bone lacunae

a small cavity within the bone matrix, containing an osteocyte

osteocyte

mature bone cell

bone assumptions

bone is isotropic, homogeneous, and elastic

transverse fracture

tension

oblique fracture

compression

butterfly fracture

bending

spiral fracture

torsion

primary bone

First bone to be produced by either ossification method; requires cartilage

secondary bone

product of resorption of previously existing bone tissue and the deposition of new bone to replace it

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal cell: ossification center appears>woven bone and periosteum form>osteoid forms>bone collar and marrow form