Foundations of Nursing: Health Promotion, Assessment & Safety

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on health promotion, vital signs, assessment techniques, safety, ethics, and infection-control practices. They are formatted in a question-and-answer style to aid in exam preparation.

What are the three levels of prevention in public health and what does each aim to do?

Primary – prevent disease onset; Secondary – detect and treat disease early; Tertiary – manage existing disease and prevent disability.

Primary

Primary – prevent disease onset;

Secondary

detect and treat disease early

Tertiary

manage existing disease and prevent disability.

Which national program outlines U.S. health objectives through the year 2030?

Healthy People 2030.

Name five categories of social determinants of health mentioned in the lecture.

Genetics, Behavior, Social factors, Environmental & physical influences, and Medical care.

How do modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors differ?

Modifiable factors are behaviors or exposures that can be changed to alter risk; non-modifiable factors are fixed conditions that increase risk and cannot be changed.

List at least three health-education strategies nurses can use.

One-on-one teaching, group education, written or digital materials, motivational interviewing, teach-back method, community outreach.

What is the primary purpose of hand-washing in healthcare settings?

To prevent health-care-associated infections (HAIs) by reducing pathogen transmission.

Identify four special patient populations that may require adapted hygiene care.

Bariatric patients, individuals with cognitive impairments, infants, older adults, and those with specific cultural preferences.

State the normal adult blood-pressure range taught in class.

Systolic 90-129 mm Hg and diastolic 60-79 mm Hg.

At what pulse rate is an adult considered tachycardic?

More than 100 beats per minute.

Define adult bradycardia.

Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.

Give the normal core temperature range in Fahrenheit.

96.8 °F to 100.4 °F.

Hyperthermia is defined as a body temperature above what value?

Above 100.4 °F (38 °C).

What is the normal adult respiratory-rate range?

12–20 breaths per minute.

Define tachypnea.

Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute.

What oxygen-saturation range is considered normal on room air?

95–100 %.

Provide the blood-pressure parameters for Stage 1 hypertension.

Systolic 130–139 mm Hg or diastolic 80–89 mm Hg.

Provide the lecture’s parameters for Stage 2 hypertension.

Systolic >140 mm Hg or diastolic about 120 mm Hg.

What measurements define a hypertensive crisis?

Systolic >180 mm Hg and/or diastolic >120 mm Hg.

How is hypotension described in the lecture?

Blood pressure below the patient’s expected baseline range.

Name the four main components of the health-assessment process.

Data collection, clinical judgment, evaluation/analysis of data, and differentiation of objective vs. subjective information.

When is a comprehensive assessment performed?

On admission, during annual physical exams, and to establish a baseline shift assessment.

What is the purpose of a focused assessment?

To examine a specific body system or concern after a baseline has been established.

How should a nursing plan of care be developed?

It should be based on assessment findings.

Define the ethical principle of nonmaleficence.

The obligation to do no harm to the client.

What does beneficence require of healthcare professionals?

Promoting the good and well-being of the client.

Explain the ethical principle of autonomy.

Respecting a client’s right to make their own healthcare decisions.

What does the principle of justice mean in healthcare ethics?

Treating all individuals fairly and equitably.

What is meant by confidentiality in nursing practice?

Respecting and protecting a client’s private information.

What does the SBAR communication framework stand for?

Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.

According to the lecture, what three assessment techniques were emphasized?

Inspection, auscultation, and palpation.

Give two unexpected findings that may be observed on inspection of the head and face.

Significant asymmetry, lumps/protrusions/craters, ecchymosis, lesions or redness, hair loss, edema, tense facial expressions, lice, facial hair on females.

What pupil size is considered normal in adults?

3–5 mm, black, round, and equal bilaterally.

What is exophthalmos?

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball—an unexpected eye finding.

List two unexpected ear findings.

Drainage or blood from the ear canal and hearing deficits.

Give one unexpected finding of the nasal mucosa.

Pale mucosa, discharge, or bleeding from the nares.

What does PQRST stand for in pain assessment?

Provocation, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity, Timing.

What does the FLACC scale evaluate?

Pain in non-verbal patients using Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability.

In what order should PPE be donned according to the lecture mnemonic GMGG?

Gown, Mask, Goggles, Gloves.

In what order should PPE be doffed according to the lecture mnemonic GGGM?

Gloves, Goggles, Gown, Mask.

Which three transmission-based precautions require special isolation measures?

Contact, Droplet, and Airborne precautions.

How can fever affect heart rate, according to the clinical notes?

Fever can cause tachycardia (heart rate >100 bpm).