Orgo chp. 2 (families of Carbon compounds)

Alkenes

• contain C double bond C

• prone to addition rxns

• Sp2

Alkanes

• contain C single bond C

• not reactive

• Sp3

Families of hydrocarbons (C-H only)

• Propane: An alkane with only single bonds and is saturated

• Propene: An alkene containing double bonds and is not saturated

• Cyclopropane: cyclic alkane (ring structure) with cyclic prefix and -ane ending. Unsaturated with two H per ring

• Propyne: at least 1 triple bond and unsaturated with 4 H per tb

Benzene

• Cyclic compound with double bonds

• one H per C

• Huckle number of electrons

Huckle number

4n+2

n = electrons within pie bond

should equate to total electrons occupying pie bonds in a structure

Resonance in benzene

Benzene has two resonance structures

You can show delocalization (charge spread evenly across molecule) by drawing a circle within the ring structure

6 delocalized electrons increasing stability

Alkanes are named according to number of carbons in chain

R representation of alkyl groups

By removing one H from an alkane you switch the -ane ending to -yl

alkane —> alkyl

Aryl group

any aromatic ring structure minus one hydrogen

ex.

• phnyl (C6H5—)

—CH2—

methylene group that can be attached to phenyl group

Haloalkanes or alkyl halide

Primary alkyl halide: halogen bonded to first carbon

Secondary alkyl halide: halogen bonded to second carbon

tertiary alkyl halide: halogen bonded to third carbon

Other halogen compounds

alkenyl (alkene) halide: halogen bonded to alkene DB

phenyl halide: halogen bonded to aromatic ring group

Alcohol functional group

• ROH

• hydroxyl group attached to sp3 hybridized C

Classification of types of alcohols

Primary alcohol: OH attached to 1st carbon (benzyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol)

Secondary alcohol: OH attached to 2nd carbon (isopropyl alcohol)

tertiary alcohol: OH attached to 3rd carbon (tert-butyl alcohol)

Phenols (different from phenyls)

OH is directly attached to aromatic ring (Thymol)