Barron's AP US History Flashcards (1800-1840)

Judiciary Act of 1801

1801

*Created new judgeships to be filled by the president

*John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters ("Midnight Judges")

*Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party

*Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809

*Third President

*Author of the Declaration of Independence

Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State

*First president to reside in Washington, D.C.

*Jefferson's taking of office was called the "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time America had changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican)

*His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the federalist Part was a reason for its demise

*His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807

*He presided over the Louisiana Purchase

*His politics were characterized by support of state's rights

John Marshall

1755-1835

*Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)

*He was a Federalist installed by Adams

*His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation

*His court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts

*His court's decisions advanced capitalism

*Significant cases included: Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden

Marbury v. Madison

1803

*William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams

*His commission was part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office

*Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison

*Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that allowed Marbury's remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the constitution permitted

*This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

April 30, 1803

*Purchased for $15 million from France

*Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having this authority granted by the Constitution, so he employed the presidential power of treaty-making to make the purchase

*United States' territory was doubled

*The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of the United States

*Farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans, facilitating transportation to Europe

*The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation to the point that the Federalists became a marginalized party

*Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson's social ideology

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1803-1806

*Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West

*Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies

*Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey

*Opened up new territories to American expansion

Embargo of 1807

1807-1809

*American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination

*Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars

*The result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn

James Madison

1809-1817

*Fourth President

*His work before becoming president led him to be considered the "Father of the Constitution"

*Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers

*In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan

*Was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress

*Faced pressure from "War Hawks" like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo

*Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814

Non-Intercourse Act

1809

*Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain

*Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars

*Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act re-engaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain

*The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810

Fletcher v. Peck

1810

*Marshall Court decision

*The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution

*The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal

*A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption

*The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption

*Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Expansion of Electorate, 1810-1828

1810-1828

*Most states eliminated the property qualification for voting during this period

*African Americans were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North

*The political parties established national nomination conventions

Tecumseh

1811

*Native American chief who was encouraged by British forced to fight against the pressured removal of Native Americans from Western territories

*William Henry Harrison destroyed the united Native American confederacy at Tippecanoe

Causes of the War of 1812

1812-1815

*British impressment of AMerican sailors

*The United States suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion

"War Hawk" Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for intervention

*American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British

*War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida

*Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled

*Eventually, the United States sided with France against Britain

War of 1812 Events

1812

*Early victories at sea by the United States before it was overpowered by the British

*The United States' Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy

*Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces

*Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest

*The Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict in which Jackson defeated the British; the battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent

Washington Burned

1814

*During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House

*Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto

*The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment, which inspired Francis Scott Key's "Defence of Fort McHenry" (later renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner")

After the War of 1812

Post-1814

*Increased American nationalism

*Created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco

*The country turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization

*Led to depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817

*The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada

*Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes

*Served as the first "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States

James Monroe

1817-1825

*Fifth President

*Led during the "Era of Good Feelings," which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party

*Established the Monroe Doctrine as a wide-ranging policy for foreign affairs

*National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects

*The "Era" saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery

Monroe Doctrine

Introduced in 1823

*Developed by President James Monroe

*Held that the United States would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow colonies to be influenced by outside powers

*America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall

*Another cause: Many Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers, threatening American security

*The doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe's time in office; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issues

Convention of 1818

1818

*Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel

*Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and Canadians

*Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819

*Marshall Court decision

*Determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government

*Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state banks

*Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress's "implied powers" to operate a national bank

*Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819

*Marshall Court decision

*Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business

*New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked

*The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties

*Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819

*Helped define he United States-Mexico border

*The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries

*Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific

*United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexican region

*United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants

*Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion

King Cotton in the Early 1800s

Early 1800s

*The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers

*New states (such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) began producing cotton

*Led to a boom in the cotton market, and its global effects crowned the staple as "King Cotton"

*The need for cotton encouraged westward expansion

Transportation Revolution

First half of the 1800s

*Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroads

*Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation

*Henry Clay promoted internal improvements to help develop transportation

*The transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains

The Second Great Awakening & Protestant Revivalism

1790s-1840s

*A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals

*The "Burnt Over District," an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement

*Protestant revivalism rejected the CAlvinist doctrine of predestination and held instead that salvation was in the individual's hands

*Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism and the improvement of society through social reform

*Revivalism included participation by women and African Americans, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy

*Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment

Antebellum Reform

1820-1860

*Explosion in the number of colleges (Oberlin college in Ohio became the first do-ed college)

*Expansion of state-supported elementary schools and other public schooling, in part due to the leadership of Horace Mann

*Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums of humane treatment of the insane

*Prisons were also reformed

Dorothea Dix

1802-1887

*Social reformer who worker to help mentally ill

*Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities

*Dix became determined to change this

*Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the establishment of state hospitals for the insane

The Lowell System

1820s

*A popular way of staffing New England

*Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period

*The owners called these "factories in the gardens" to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns

*The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them

*The system depended on technology to increase production

Slave Codes

1650s-1860s

*A series of laws that limited slave rights

*Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment ans to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention

*Prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court

*Severely limited the rights of slaves

Washington Irving

1783-1859

*In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the United States and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe

*His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American

*Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820)

*His writings reflected an increasing nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings

Transcendentalism

1820-1850

*Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God

*Believed that people were capable of unity with God without the help of the institutional church

*Saw church as reactionary and sitting to self-expression

*Included writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

Utopian Communities

1820-1850

*Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism

*Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism

*Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism

*Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism

*Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida

Romanticism

1800s

*A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turn-of-the-century Europe

*Emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality

*Reaction against the excesses of the Enlightenment led to a growing push for social reform

Missouri Compromise

1820

*Henry Clay's solution to deadlock over the issue of accepting proposed new state, Missouri

*At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states

*A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power

*John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age.

*The TAllmadge Amendment caused the Senate to clock the Missouri Compromise and sparked heated debate about the future of slavery

*To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new free state (Maine)

*The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six-thirty north latitude would prohibit slavery

Denmark Vesey

1767(?)-1822

*A slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom

*Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina

*Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt

*Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged

*Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824

*Marshall Court decision

*Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation

*Ogden received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston

*Gibbons received the same rights through Congress

*Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void

*Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case

Hudson River School

1825-1875

*Group of American landscape painters

*Parts of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812

*The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland

*Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley

*Artists included Thomas Doughty, THomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse

James Fenimore Cooper

1789-1851

*American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey

*His writing was influences by the American frontier and America's landscapes

*His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838)

*His work, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature

John James Audobon

1785-1851

*Romantic-era artist

*Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters

*Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals

*In 1886, a nature organization took his name

“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

1824

*Four presidential candidates: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of the State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury)

*Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote, and as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives

*In the House of Reps. vote, Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, who would go on to win the presidency

*Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State

*Accusations of a "corrupt bargain" were made by Jackson, but they are considered to be largely untrue

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829

*Sixth President

*His supporters called themselves National Republicans (Jackson supporters labeled themselves Democratic Republicans)

*Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs

*His policies proved unpopular amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states' rights

*After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the Jacksonian policy of removing certain Native American tribes

“Tariff of Affirmations”

1828

*Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by southern planters

*John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams's Vice President , anonymously protests his own leadership's bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state

*This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to Civil War

John Calhoun

1782-1850

*Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to Adams's political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828

*Champion of states' rights

*Author of an essay, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest," advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws

*Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights, demonstrating the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil War

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837

*Seventh President

*Following the War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions

*After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi Rive

*Popular president due to his image as the self-made westerner

*His form of leadership, known as Jacksonian Politics, called for a strong executive, relied on the party system, and emphasized states' rights

*Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service

*Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi

Spoils System

1828

*Andrew Jackson

s method of turning over the civil servant jobs to new government officials

*"Rotation in office" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing the common people to run the government

*This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage

*In general, officials were not replaced by those loyal to the new administration, and they were not always the most qualified for the positions

*Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency

*It was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act

Alexis de Tecoqueville

Early 1830s

*French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States

*Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society

*Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality

*Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson

Mormonism

1830

*Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.

*Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus of Latter Day Saints

*Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations

*Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned

*Eventually, Mormons formed community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young's leadership

*Settlement became the state of Utah

Webster-Hayne Debate

1830

*Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification

*Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident

*At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?

*Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

Nat Turner

1800-1831

*Slave who led an insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831

*Influential among local slaves as a preacher

*Believe it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom

*Led approximately sixty in revolt, first killing the family of his owner and then killing fifty-five whites in the surrounding neighborhood

*The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free African Americans were executed

*Led to stricter slave laws in the South and an end to the Southern organizations advocating abolition

Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullication

1832

*The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones

*Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs

*Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force

*Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could come back down from nullification

*Henry Clay presented his Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew

Biddle’s Banks

1832

*Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton

*Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people

*Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson

Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due

*Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity

Texas, Leading to the Battle of the Alamo

1800s

*Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis treaty

*Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a revolution against Spain

*Mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area, and many Americans responded and came to Texas, increasing population and revenue in Texas

*Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters, but the presence of slavery angered the Mexican government

*When the population changed, Mexico's power began to erode

*Stephen Austin worked to first make Texas a Mexican state and later independent of Mexico

Battle of the Alamo

February 24- March 6, 1836

*During Texas's revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed

*Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious

*"Remember the Alamo" was the garrison's battle cry in its fight for independence

Sam Houston

1793-1863

*Leader of Texas independence

*Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence

*Houston asked both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which they denied out of fear that a new slave state would be formed

Gag Rule

1836-1844

*Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of REpresentatives

*Stemmed from Southern members' fear of slave emancipation

*Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony

The Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular

1837

*Recession caused by President Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks

*Led to relaxed credit policies and inflation

*Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, which required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit

*Recession lasted into the 1840s

The Charles River Bridge Case

1837

*Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare

*Jackson's chief justice, Roger Taney, held that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceases to be in the interests of the community

*Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Trail of Tears

1838-1839

*Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian REmoval Act

*Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity

*Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, but Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision

*By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government's demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions

*Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma

*The migration's effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee

Horace Mann

1796-1859

*American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education

*Suggested reforms in education

*Made available hight-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling

*The system has lasted to present day, and as a result, Mann has been called father of the American public school

Whig Party

1840s

*Group stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed Jackson's policies

*Cultivated commercial and industrial development

*Encouraged banks and corporations

*Had a cautious approach to westward expansion

*Received support largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from large Southern planters

*Included Calhoun, Clay, and Webster

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803-1882

*Transcendentalist essayist and lecturer

*Self-Reliance (1841), one of his essays, promoted the virtue of independence

*Through the themes in his writing and through the independent lifestyle he lived, Emerson strongly influenced American thought and culture

Abolitionsim

1830s through Civil War

*Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success

*Anti-slavery societies founded it, and some faced violent opposition

*The movement split into two: 1) radical followers and 2) those who petitioned Congress

*Entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into new western territories

*The Liberty Party would eventually combine with the larger Free Soil Party

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879

*His newspaper, The Liberator, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated

*Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradualist approach

*Because of his inflexible position and the fiery language he used in his paper, opposition to his policy developed within abolitionist groups

*Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women

*After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women, and fair treatment for Native Americans

Frederick Douglass

1817-1895

*An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist

*Escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, the North Star

*Favored the use of political methods of reform

*In the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African Americans from Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union army

*Known as the father of the American civil rights movement

Population Growth and Change, Early 1800’s

1800s

*Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work

*Influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics, who faced discrimination

*Growing population in the West and in rural areas

*Urbanization outgrew public services, leading to inadequate security and clean water for city dwellers

*Race riots, religious riots, and street crime became part of city life

Women in the Early 1800’s

1800s

*Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as abolition

*Employment was limited mostly to schoolteaching

*They still lived in a "cult of domesticity," in which a woman's role in marriage was to maintain the home for her husband and to raise the children

*A woman's property became part of her husband's

*In future years, the women's rights movement would rise to confront this "cult of domesticity"

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841

*Eight President

*Democrat from New York who had served as Jackson's vice president after Calhoun left the position

*Established the independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently of the national banking systems; it existed in one form or another until 1921

*Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson's policies, and he was unsuccessful in re-election