European History

Petrarch

Ideas of humanism

humanism

unlimited potential of humans

Lorenzo Valla

discovered authoritative documents of Roman Catholic Church was forgery, language used didn’t match

Printing press

spread of ideas, literacy, and knowledge

Machiavelli

The Prince

The Prince

basic function of a ruler to maintain power at all cost

italian renaissance

idealistic side

Northern renaissance

naturalism scenes of everyday life

king Henry was denied annulment

What led to creation of Anglican curch

peace of augsburg

gave leaders in Holy Roman Empire rights to decide to be Catholic or Lutheran

Mercantilism

finite amount of wealth in the world

Commercial revolution

Increase in general commerce that changed Europe economy

simony, nepotism, indulgences, buying out of purgatory

Corruptions of church

Martin Luther

95 Theses, spread of ideas using printing press, Diet of Worms

diet of worms

demanded for Luther to recant his ideas, Luther refused to recant

French Protestants

Hugenots

War of 3 Henrys

Fought to become king of France, Henry 3rd disliked by ppl (assassined), Henry of Guisse wanted only catholic to rule France (assassinated), Henry of Navarre (Henry 4th) took throne since both were killed

edict of Nantes

established France as Catholic while providing freedom of Huguenots to worship

Peace of Augsburg

Ended conflict between catholic and Protestant. Ppl could decide whether they wanted to be Lutheran or catholic

Thirty Years War

a major European conflict spanning from 1618 to 1648, was primarily a war of religion between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, but it escalated into a wider European

Bohemian Phase

Local war in thirty years war tween Protestant and catholic

Swedish Phase

denmark led attacks against catholic, war starts transforming from local to transnational

Swedish phase

evolved from religious to political conflict, Spain goes to catholic side

French Phase

war as excuse to fight Hamburgs (Austrian) in Spain and entered on Protestant side

Peace of Westphalia

ended thirty years war and ended all Europe religious wars

Catholic Reformation

response to ideological critism of reformers,

Council of Trent

suppressed simony and forbid sale of indulgences

Rise of Absolutists

Weakened influence of Catholic Church

increased while power of nobility and church decreased

Power of monarchs

Jean Baptise Colbert

Louis 14th’s finance minister, introduced reforms to consolidate power

Intendant system

undermined authority of local governors and nobility to ensure all Louis subjects and ppl obey his will

Construction of Palace of versailles

way for king Louis 14 to ensure loyalty of members

Edict of Nantes

King Henry 4th granted recognition of French Protestants (Huguenots) so Catholics and Protestants could coexist

Habsburgs

a powerful European dynasty that ruled over vast territories from the 15th to the 20th centuries, including Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Spain, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire

Mercantilism policies

Exports greater than imports

peter the Great political reofrms

required nobles to serve in army or civil administration

table of ranks

Only experts of Russia ended up here from the required army service

Peter the Great cultural reforms

Tried to shape Russia culture to fit western europe

Divine right of kings

Kings were gods representative on earth

Catholic structure

puritans in Church of England wanted to “purify”

English Civil War

Conflicts between king, parliament, and elites over roles and political structures

Oliver Cornwell

Became a dictator after Charles I (king at the time) even though he fought for more rights, used Machiavelli holding power

Glorious Revolution

chnge of rulers (James II to Mary and William of Orange) without bloodshed. (James II appointed Catholics into high ranks and people didn’t;t like that in England)

English Bill of Rights

Support for parliament, monarchs couldn’t tax and new laws made by parliament can’t be annulled by monarch. (William and Mary couldn’t throne until they signed English BoR

Dutch Republic

Peace of Westphalia formed what state

Maintain Balance of Powers

wars after Westphalia were to

Partition of Poland

country was unstable and surrounded by absolutist countries. Austria and Hungary divided Poland w each other

War of Spanish Succession

Phillip V was grandson to Louis 14th, ppl feared this would give France too much power,

Treaty of Utrecht

Maintained balance of power by ensuring France and Spain don’t combine

Cottage Industry

Goods for purchase were made in homes, laid foundation for industrialization

rise of insurance

allowed entrepreneurs to confidence of businesses

Geocentric Model

earth is center of solar system, Catholic Church view

Heliocentric model

Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo agreed that sun was the center of the solar system

Banning of books

Catholic church didn’t agree with view of scientific thinkers that suggests that the Bible was wrong

Absolutism france

where did scientific revolution start

Deisim

God sets a time and plan of when world starts and just steps back and watches

private matter rather than public concern

how does religion chance during scientific revolution

Salons

Private meetings to discuss new ideas in houses

More ideas spread, more ppl became dissatisfied by political institutions

how did salons effect ppl

Thomas Malthus

thought the growing rate of people would cause a food shortage

Agricultural revolution

inventions of agricultural advancements and new methods like 3 field system/crop rotations

Tenements

Lower class/ middle class living places, led to air born diseases and waste pollution from no plumbing

Reading revolution

printing press led to higher education and the increase in books

Consumer Revoltuion

middle and upper class had more disposable income, led to increase for leisure activities like coffeehouses

Portuguese sailor de Gama rounded cape of Hope (Africa)

What did Portuguese do to start the Indian Ocean trade ports

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company that sold shares to investors, most profitable since they took full control of the colonized ppl

Navigation Acts

Guaranteed monopoly for British merchants, tariffs on foreign products

Seven Years War

involving most of the European great powers. It was primarily fought in Central Europe within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, with other major war fronts in North America, Western Europe

Treaty of Paris

ended seven years war and all territory was returned to owners after war

Economic crisis start of French Revolution

commoners paid more taxes to aid war costs from Louis 14th

Imbalance of State Generals

first and second estate generally agreed and voted together, leaving the commoners to one vote, 2 vs 1

National Assembly

Members of the third estate created out of frustration from the traditional voting system

Tennis Court Oath

Representatives of the National Assembly swore to return and right a new constitution and not back down until they got what they wanted

Storm of Bastille

Response of the people after Louis 16th sent troops to crush National Assembly

Declaration of the Right of Man

freedom of speech, representative government, abolished hereditary privileges

October March on Versailles

Storm palace of Versailles for reforms

Liberal and Radical Phase

What were the 2 phases of the French Revolution

Reign of terror

Robespierre created committee of public safety to protect people from internal threats, behead people from speaking badly about them, after Louis 16th was beheaded

Haitian Revolution

Enslaved vs French, first successful enslaved rebellion

Napoleon

rose to power after French rev, ppl longed for a ruler after reign of terror

Napoleon code

equality of all citizens, protections of property, centralized government and bureaucracy.

Napoleon suppression of rights

used secret police and controlled censorship

Napoleon Patriotic War 1812

Napoleon tried to invade Russia, Russia backed away while burning cities so French troops couldn’t live off of resources, French troops declined due to cold

Congress of Vienna

reestablished balance of powers, created 50 years of peace

Romanticism

balance by emphasizing intuition/imagination

Jean Jacques Roussoue

Individualism

Industrial Revolution

goods made by hand to goods made by machinery

had ready markets from colonized states, had rich resources, new technology

Why was Britain successful in industrialization

Consumerism

demand for goods led to demand for advertisement and production

Bourgeoise

middle class/white collar workers, moved to suburbs

Family during industrial revolution

nuclear family to direct family

Factory Act + Ten Hours act

Limited hours and ages less than 9 couldn’t work

Conservative Reactions

Gov are more stable with traditional norms like moncarchs

Greek War of Independence

Greek ruled by conservative ottomans

Concert of Europe

50 year peace period from conservative ideas

Klements von Metternich

conservative, believing in traditional monarchies, social hierarchies, and the suppression of liberal and nationalist movement, helped in congress of Vienna to stope Napoleonic Wars

July Revolution

Charles X striped voting rights from middle class which led to riots

John Stuart mill

Utilitarisnism beliefs and feminism

Laissez Faire policies

minimal gov intervention is economy and markets

Education Laws

children got at least few years of school, led to public order.