Bio 121 Ch.1

1.1-1.5

Biology (1.1)

The study of life / how an organism adapts to its environment to evolve.

Evolution (1.1)

Long term process where species changes over time.

Properties Of Life (1.1)

• Order (Organization in Cell functions/responses)

• Evolutionary Adaptation (Living things adapt to environment)

• Regulation

• Energy Processing (Use external energy source to move/perform chemical energy/work)

• Growth and Development (Things change over time)

• Response to the environment (Everything responds to the environment they live in)

• Reproduction (How life continues)

Five Unifying Themes

1. Organization

2. Information

3. Energy and Matter

4. Interactions

5. Evolution

(All in regards to living things)

Levels of Biological Organization (biggest to smallest)

1. The Biosphere

2. Ecosystems

3. Communities

4. Populations

5. Organisms

6. Organs

7. Tissues

8. Cells

9. Organelles

10. Molecules

Structure and Function (1.1)

Correlated, Knowing the function of something provides insight to its structure and organization.

Cell (1.1)

• Smallest Unit of organization that can perform all functions necessary for life.

• Enclosed by a membrane (membrane-bound) that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment.

Eukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell (1.2)

• Eukaryotic cell: has membrane-enclosed organelles

• Prokaryotic cell: does not have membrane-enclosed organelles and no nucleus

DNA (1.2)

• deoxyribonucleic acid

• storage of information

• coded in nucleotide sequence

• stored in chromosomes

Genes (1.2)

• Units of inheritance

• Encode for specific things for the cell to do through the sequence of nucleotides.

Proteins (1.2)

• Subunits of the cell that work to control protein production indirectly.

• DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into the protein which does the work for the cell. - this is gene expression

• Gene expression: Process of converting information from gene to cellular product → The cell controls which instructions are read, what those instructions say, and what the cell will do.

Genomics (1.2)

• Genome: all DNA within an organism

• Genomics: study of sets of genes in one or more species

• Proteome: the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell,tissue,or organ

• Proteomics: study of whole sets of proteins and their properties

Bioinformatics (1.2)

• Analyzes genomes and proteomes for function and similarity.

Feedback Regulation

The output or product of a process regulates that very process.

Negative feedback

Response reduces the initial stimulus, more common

Positive Feedback

Product speeds up its own production

3 Evidences of Evolution

• DNA

• Morphology

• Radio-dating

Three Domains Of Life

Bacteria: Prokaryotes

Archaea: Prokaryotes

Eukarya: Eukaryotic, Protists, 3 kingdoms (Plants-produce own food, Fungi-absorb nutrients, Animals-ingest food)

Charles Darwin

• Originated Theory Of Evolution (Descent w/ modification)

• All species are descendants from a previous species w/ modifications, modifications occur between species as time goes on

• Natural Selection - Organism adapts to the environment itself. The mechanism that caused new modifications as species descended.

Data

Qualitative: Data in the form of descriptions

Quantitative: Data are expressed as numerical measurements, organized into tables and graphs.

Inductive Reasoning: Draws conclusions thru the logical process of induction.

Variables

Independent Variable - Purposefully altered. Not affected by the other variables that are measured.

Dependent - Whats being measured in an experiment, affected by independent variable/

Controlled - Stays the same, does not have solution in it.

Theory

• Broader in scope than a hypothesis

• Leads to new testable hypothesis

• Supported by evidence