biology ht3 mid topic retrieval

list the structures air passes through when breathing in

mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

what two structures change the pressure inside the chest cavity to ventilate lungs

intercostal muscles + diaphragm

describe the state of diaphragm as we breathe in

contracts and flattens

describe the state of the diaphragm as we breathe out

relaxes and returns to dome shape

state the function of ribcage

protect heat and lungs

by which process does gas exchange occur in the lungs

diffusion

where does oxygen move from and to once it has entered the lungs

from the alveolus into the blood to be taken around the body

where does carbon dioxide move from and to within the lungs

from the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out

how does having many alveoli make gas exchange efficient

increases surface area

how does having a rich blood supply to the alveoli make gas exchange efficient

maintains the concentration gradient for fast diffusion

how does having thin alveolar walls make gas exchange efficient

short diffusion pathway

when breathing in where is the pressure higher

atmospheric pressure is higher than pressure in the chest

when breathing out where is the pressure higher

chest pressure is higher than atmospheric

what organs form a plants transport system

leaves, roots and stem

briefly describe the arrangement of xylem and phloem in the stem of a plant

organised in bundles with xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside

what vessel transports water and mineral ions

xylem

name the process of transport of dissolved sugars in plants

translocation

what vessel transports dissolved sugars

phloem

which part of the plant allows gases to diffuse in and out of leaves

stomata

what controls the opening and closing of stomata

guard cells

what is the name for the loss of water vapour by evaporation from the leaf surface through stomata

transpiration

briefly describe the transpiration stream

constant movement of water through xylem from roots to leaves

what direction can water move in xylem

only up

what direction can sugars move in phloem

either direction

increasing the rate of photosynthesis..

increase

increasing temperature…

increases rate

how does increased humidity..

decreases rate

how does more wind…

increases rate

how does increased light intensity..

increases rate

name the equipment used to estimate transpiration rate

potometer

how is the spongy mesophyll layer adapted for photosynthesis

lots of air spaces for efficient gas exchange.