micro ch 12 eukaryote

not enclosed in a sac

Arthroconidia:

fragmentation of septate hyphae

Blastoconidia

bubs of the parent cell

Chlamydoconidium

spore within a hyphal segment

Sporangiospore

enclosed in a sac

Three phases of sexual reproduction

Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis

Plasmogamy

haploid donor cell nucleus(+)

Karyogamy

+ and nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote

Meiosis

diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Phyla

Based on how they reproduce sexually and on molecular evidence

What are the four fungi Phyla

Mucoromycota/Zygomycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Lichens

Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus

Three morphologic categories

Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose

Crustose

encrusted on the substratum

Foliose

leaflike

Frutiose

fingerlike

Thallus (body) of lichens is made of

Medulla, Rhizines, Cortex

Medulla

hyphae grown around projection below the body

Rhizines

(holdfasts)-hyphae projections below the body

Cortex

protective coating over the algal layer

Economic importance of Lichens

Dyes, Antimicrobial(usnic acid from Usnea), Litmus, Food for herbivores

Algae Thallus consists of

holdfasts, stipes, and blades

Pneumocyst

floating gas filled bladder provides buoyancy

Algae reproduces

asexually and sexually

How does algae reproduces sexually

via alternation of generations

Oomycotes

chemoheterotrophic

Selected Algae Phyla

Brown, Red, Green, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Oomycota (water molds)

Brown algae (kelp)

Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls

– Chlorophyll a and Fucoxanthin (brown pigment)

– Multicellular and macroscopic

▪ Can reach lengths of 50 meters

– Produce algin—thickener used in foods

Red algae

Chlorophyll a and Phycoerythrin (gives red color)

– Have branched thalli

– Most are multicellular

– Harvested for agar and carrageenan

Green algae

Cellulose cell walls

– Unicellular or multicellular

– Chlorophyll a and b

– Gave rise to terrestrial plants

Diatoms

Pectin and silica cell walls

– Unicellular or filamentous

– Store oil

– Cause neurological disease

Dinoflagellates

Cellulose in plasma membrane

– Unicellular

– Component of plankton (large group of free-floating aquatic organisms)

– Neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

Oomycota (water molds)

Cellulose cell walls

– Chemoheterotrophic

– Produce zoospores

– More closely related to

diatoms and dinoflagellates than to fungi

– Decomposers and plant parasites

▪ Phytophthora infestans was responsible for Irish potato blight

▪ P. ramorum causes “sudden oak death”

Roles of Algae in Nature

Fix CO2into organic molecules

• Produce 80% of Earth’s

• Oil production

• Symbionts of animals

• Algal blooms are increase in planktonic algae usually

because of pollution and warm temperature.

• Some blooms are toxic and can harm fish, animals, and

humans, decomposition of algae consumes water oxygen