Chapter 1: THe human body: an orientation

Anatomy

Anatomy

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships.

Physiology

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships.

Pathophysiology

Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.

Gross or Macroscopic anatomy

Surface anatomy

Microscopic anatomy

Developmental anatomy

Anatomy—Levels of Study

Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy

• levels of study

• larger structures

• can be seen with the naked eyes

• approach of study: regional and systemic anatomy

surface anatomy

• levels of study

• study of internal structures as they are relate to the overlying skin surface

microscopic anatomy

• levels of study

• cannot be seen by the naked eye

• can only be viewed by the microscope

• cytology & histology

developmental anatomy

• levels of study

• traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

• embryology

embryology

concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

prone position

anatomical position that is placed faced down

supine position

anatomical position that is placed face-up

superior (cranial or cephalad)

• directional terms

• toward the head end or upper prt of a structure of a body

inferior (caudal)

• directional terms

• awar from the head or toward lower part of a structure of the body, below

ventral (anterior)

• directional terms

• toward or at the front of the body; in front of

dorsal (posterior)

• dorectional terms

• toward or at the backside of the body; behind

medial

• directional terms

• toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

• directional terms

• away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body

intermediate

• directional term

• between a more medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

• directional terms

• close to the origin of the body part or point attachment to a limb to the body trunk

distal

• directional term

• farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

superficial

• directional term

• toward or at the body surface

deep

• directional term

• away from the body surface; more internal

ipsilateral

• directional term

• on the same side

contralateral

• directional term

• opposite side

body plane

an imaginary line drawn through the body which separates it into sections

sagittal plane

• body plane

• divides the body into right and left side

frontal plane

• body plane

• divides the body into front and back section

• sometimes called “coronal plane”

transverse plane

• body plane

• divides the body into sections above and below the midline

dorsal body cavity

ventral bosy cavity

2 types of body cavity

cranial cavity

spinal cavity

2 dorsal body cavities

thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

2 ventral body cavity

cranial cavity

• body cavity (dorsal)

• within the rigid skull, contains the brain

spinal cavity

• body cavity (dorsal)

• runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the spinal cord

C - cervical vertebrae

T - thoracic vertebrae

L - lumbar vertebrae

S - sacrum

divisions of the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

• body cavity ( ventral)

• contains the heart and lungs

• pleural cavity, mediastinum, pericardial cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

• body cavity (VENTRAL)

• houses the digestive system and most urinary organs

• abdonimal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver

• pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

serous membranes / serosa

• ventral body cavity

• parietal, visceral

parietal serosa

lines the internal body walls

visceral serosa

covers the internal organs

serous fluid

separates the serosae

Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Left iliac (inguinal)

abdominopelpic regions

• chemical level

• cellular level

• tissue level

• organ level

• organ system

• organism

levels of structural organization

• integumentary

• skeletal

• muscular

• nervous

• endrocrine

• cardiovascular

• lymphatic

• respiratory

• diggestive

• urinary

• reproductive

what are the organ systems

integumentary system

• organ system

• protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemical, bacteria, and dehydration

• excretes salts and urea

• helps regulate body temperature

• priduces vit d

skeletal system

• organ system

• protects and supports internal organs

• provides layer of muscular action

• cavities provides a site of blood cell formation

• stores minerals

muscular system

• organ system

• produces movement

• maintains posture

• produces heat

nervous system

• fast-acting control system\

• responds to internal and external changes

• actvates muscle and glands

• helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signal

endocrine system

• organ system

• secretes chemical molecules called hormones into the blood

• plays a role in regulating long-term homeostasis

cardiovascular system

• organ system

• transports material in body via blood pumped by heart (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wates)

lymphatic system

• organ system

• returns fluids to blood vessels

• cleanses the blood

• involved in immunity

respiratory system

• organ system

• keeps blood supplied by oxygen

• removes carbon dioxide

• contributes to acid-base balance of the blood

digestive system

• organ system

• breaks down food

• allows nutrient absorption into blood

• eliminates ingestible materials as feces

urinary system

• organ system

• eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• maintains acid-base balance

• regulates water and electrolytes

reproductive system

• organ system

• produce offspring

• testes and ovaries

maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness or excitability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

necessary life functions

nutriens, oxygen, water, stable body temp, atmospheric pressure

survival needs

homeostasis

a dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance

necessary for a normal body functiioning and sustain life