Part 1 Chiropractic Boards: Microbiology -- Skin, Eyes, & Heart conditions

What is one of the MC opportunistic infections of AIDS patients?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

What is the 2nd most deadly parasitic (protozoan) infection in the world?

Leishmaniasis

What is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans?

Trachoma

What is the only eradicated human disease worldwide?

Smallpox (Variola)

What is the MC clinical form of cryptococcal infection?

Cryptococcal meningitis

What bacteria is one of the MC causes of cavities?

Streptococcus mutans

What is the most common form of botulism in the US?

Infant Botulism (Floppy baby syndrome)

What condition is one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the US?

Lyme Disease

What is the MC cause of meningitis in late teens/early 20s? The MC cause of bacterial meningitis in adults?

Neisseria meningitidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What condition is swelling, red, itching, burning, may drain pus, blood, or both such as a pimple, sty, furuncle, or carbuncle and is an emerging disease?

Abscess/Folliculitis

What cause of abscess/folliculitis is more virulent/more likely to cause folliculitis? What is the other cause that is not virulent and less likely to cause?

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

What are the 2 drug resistant strains of abscess/folliculitis?

MRSA & VRSA

What condition is small "pimples" on the stomach, buttocks, arms, and legs due to poorly chlorinated hot tubs or spa?

Hot Tub Folliculitis

What pathogen causes Hot Tub Folliculitis?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What condition is reddening of the skin, beginning near the mouth and spreading over the entire body, causing the skin to peel off in sheets with a virulence factor of exfoliative toxins? Who is MC affected by this?

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

-- MC in children

What pathogen causes Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?

Staphylococcus aureus

What condition is small, flattened red patches on the face and limbs with pus-filled vesicles with honey-colored crust (pyroderma)? Who is this MC in?

Impetigo (impetigo contagiosum; pyoderma)

-- MC in children

What two pathogens cause Impetigo (impetigo contagiosum; pyoderma)? Which is MC?

Staphylococcus aureus (80%)

Streptococcus pyogenes (20%)

What condition is a fiery red rash with sharply defined raised borders? Who is this MC in?

Erysipelas

-- MC in elderly (60-80)

What condition is a destruction of muscle and fat tissue (necrosis), that spreads along fascia with multiple organ failure, that is very dangerous (>50) due to "flesh-eating bacteria", and is an emerging disease?

Necrotizing fasciitis

What is the pathogen causing Erysipelas?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What pathogen causes Necrotizing fasciitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What condition is infection of hair follicles from the sebaceous glands, with cystic being the most severe?

Acne

What pathogen causes acne?

Propionibacterium acnes

What condition is bumps or blisters at the site of injury with lymphadenopathy, with an endotoxin virulence factor from cat scratches, licks, or bites?

Cat Scratch Disease/Fever

What pathogen causes Cat Scratch Disease/Fever?

Bartonella henselae

What condition is fever, chills, purulent matter in infected wounds producing a blue-green pigment (pyocyanin)? Who is this MC in?

Pseudomonas infection

MC in 2/3 of burn victims

What is the pathogen that causes Pseudomonas infection?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What condition has fever, headache, chills, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, with non-itchy spotted rash on trunk and appendages, including soles and palms and Petechiae?

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

What is the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?

Tick vector

What pathogen causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?

Rickettsia ricketsii

NOTE: MC and most severe Rickettsial condition

What condition spreads to form painless, swollen, black crusty ulcers (eschar), with 3 different toxins as the virulence factor and is considered a category A bioterrorist threat?

Cutaneous Anthrax

What pathogen causes Cutaneous Anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

What condition is a pox lesion that is often fatal, with possible blindness and sterility, and is the ONLY human disease eradicated worldwide, as well as a Category A bioterrorist threat?

Smallpox (Variola)

What pathogen causes Smallpox (Variola)?

Smallpox virus (Orthopoxvirus)

What condition is pox lesions with lymphadenopathy and is considered an emerging disease?

Monkeypox

(less severe than smallpox)

What pathogen causes Monkeypox?

Monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus)

What condition is raised pearl-like, waxy papules? What age is this MC?

Molluscum Contagiosum

MC ages 1-10 (kids)

What pathogen causes Molluscum Contagiosum?

Molluscum contagiosum (Molluscipoxvirus)

What condition is recurrent, painful, slow spreading blisters on the face/mouth, and is a latent virus usually in the trigeminal ganglia?

Herpes labialis (oral herpes, cold sores, fever blisters)

NOTE: face/mouth think trigeminal innervation so that's affected ganglia

What pathogen causes Herpes labialis (oral herpes, cold sores, fever blisters)?

Mainly HHV-1 (above the waist herpes)

-- sometimes HHV-2

(herpes simplex virus)

What condition is recurrent, painful, slow-spreading blisters on finger, and is a latent virus usually in the brachial ganglia?

Herpetic Whitlow

NOTE: Fingers think brachial ganglia since has to do w/ arm

What pathogen causes Herpetic Whitlow?

Mainly HHV-1 (above the waist herpes)

-- sometimes HHV-2

What condition is recurrent, painful, slow-spreading blisters ANYWHERE on the body, and is a latent virus in various ganglia and associated with contact sports?

Herpes gladiatorum

NOTE: gladiator = a whole body "athlete" (contact sports)

What pathogen causes Herpes gladiatorum?

Mainly HHV-1

-- sometimes HHV-2

What condition has extremely itchy, fluid-filled blisters all over the body, has an airborne transmission (respiratory tract or eyes) and is highly infectious? Who does it MC affect and who is it most serious in?

Chickenpox (aka Varicella)

-- MC in children, more serious in adults

NOTE: NOT a pox virus!!!

What pathogen causes Chickenpox (Varicella)?

HHV-3 (Varicella-Zoster virus)

What condition is painful blistering skin rash that follows a dermatome, is usually unilateral, and is a latent virus in the spinal DRG?

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

NOTE: Think w/ dermatome (from spinal nerves/body involvement), think the spinal dorsal root ganglia!

15-30% of individuals who had what condition are more likely to have Shingles (due to a reactivated latent virus)? What is a major complication of Shingles?

Chickenpox

Complication = Post-herpetic neuralgia

What pathogen causes Shingles (Herpes Zoster)?

HHV-3 (Varicella Zoster)

What are benign epithelial growths on the skin or mucous membranes due to direct/indirect contact or autoinoculation?

Warts (papillomas)

What pathogen causes Warts (papillomas)?

HPV (human papillomavirus)

What type of warts are found on the fingers/toes? The feet? The trunk, face, elbows, and knees?

Fingers/Toes = Seed warts

Feet = Plantar warts

Trunk/Face/Elbows/Knees = Flat warts

What condition has KOPLIK'S SPOTS that appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth, with a rash on the face that spreads over the body?

Measles (Rubeola)

NOTE: measLes, rubeoLa, and kopLik's spots all have "1 L"!!

What pathogen causes Measles (Rubeola)?

Measles virus (Morbillivirus)

What condition is a rash of flat, pink to red spots?

Rubella (German Measles)

What pathogen causes Rubella (German Measles)?

Rubella virus (Rubivirus)

If a pregnant woman has Rubella (German Measles), it can cause what condition on their baby?

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

What condition is reddening of the skin that resembles a SLAP, and is aggravated by sunlight, with symptoms being known as "slapped cheek" syndrome?

Erythema infectious (5th disease)

What pathogen causes Erythema infectious (5th disease)?

Parvovirus B19

What condition is a rose-colored rash as well as mononucleosis-like symptoms?

Roseola

NOTE: Rose colored rash and Roseola

What pathogen causes Roseola?

HHV-6 (Roseolavirus)

What condition is hard, black, irregular nodules on the hair shaft, and often shared via hair brushes and combs?

Black Piedra

What pathogen causes Black Piedra?

Piedraia Hortae

NOTE: Hortae = Hard black nodules

What condition is soft, grayish-white, irregular nodules on the hair shaft, often shared via hair brushes and combs?

White Piedra

What pathogen causes White Piedra?

Trichosporon beiglii

NOTE: think grayish/white like Beige-like color (beiglii)

What condition has hypo- or hyper-pigmented patches of scaly skin that takes months to return to normal, and is diagnosed by seeing a green color under UV light?

Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)

NOTE: versicolor think multicolor or pigmented

What pathogen causes Pityriasis versicolor (Tinea versicolor)?

Malassezia furfur

NOTE: fur fur is the furry colored coat (fungal colored patches)

What condition has red, raised lesions o specific body regions that are often itchy, with white/yellow thickening of nails?

Dermatophytosis (Ring worm)

What pathogens cause Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)?

Epidermophyton

Microsporum

Trichophyton

What part of the body does Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Tinea pedis affect? Tinea cruris? Tinea corporis? Tinea capitis? Tinea unguium?

Tinea pedis = Athlete's foot

Tinea cruris = Jock itch

Tinea corporis = Trunk

Tinea capitis = Head

Tinea unguium = Nails (onychomycosis)

What condition has nodular lesions around an infection site, with transmission from thorn pricks or splinters?

Cutaneous sporotrichosis (Rose-gardener's disease)

Note: Sporotrichosis think prick a spore

What condition has secondary lesions occurring on the skin along the course of lymphatic vessels, with transmission from thorn pricks or splinters?

Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis

(Rose-gardeners disease)

Note: Sporotrichosis think prick a spore

What pathogen causes Sporotrichosis (rose-gardener's disease)?

Sporothrix schenckii

What condition has been nicknamed the "Baghdad Boil" and if cutaneous can have large painless skin lesions, if musculocutaneous can have the skin lesions enlarged to encompass the mucous membranes, or if visceral the parasite has spread by macrophages throughout the body and causes kala azar?

Leishmaniasis

(2nd most deadly parasitic (protozoan) infection in world)

What pathogen causes Leishmaniasis?

Leishmania sp. (L. brazilliensis, L. donovani, L. tropica)

What is the vector for Leishmaniasis?

Sand fly vector

NOTE: ONLY SAND FLY

What condition is intense itching and a linear rash of small red bumps, as you may see "burrows" or "tunnels"?

Scabies

What pathogen causes scabies?

Sarcoptes scabiei

What general condition has a sudden high fever, severe stiff neck, severe headaches, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, disorientation, and severe meningeal inflammation?

Bacterial Meningitis

Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis is transmitted at birth via the passage through the birth canal, and is meningitis in premature babies & infants <3 months?

Streptococcal agalactiae

Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis causes meningitis in children <5 (most often <18 months)?

Haemophilus influenzae b

Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis has a purple spotted rash in addition to the typical symptoms, is known as the meningococcus as it is the MC cause of meningitis in late teens & early 20s, and college students in dorms are 23x more likely to contract?

Neisseria meningitidis

Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis is in pregnant women (also elderly & babies)?

Listeria monocytogenes

Which pathogen causing bacterial meningitis is known as the pneumococcus and is the MC bacterial meningitis in adults?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What condition is nonprogressive but has regions of lost sensation as a result of nerve damage, and can also be acquired form handling or consuming armadillos?

Tuberculoid Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)

What condition is progressive with gradual loss of facial features, digits, or other body structures?

Lepromatous Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)

Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) can occur in those with a _____ immune system, but Tuberculoid leprosy can occur in those with a ______ immune system. In Lepromatous leprosy, death is ______.

Strong

Weaker

Rare

What pathogen causes Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)?

Mycobacterium leprae

What condition has flaccid paralysis (inability to contract muscles), and can lead to death from asphyxiation (cannot inhale) due to contaminated food (especially home-canned), honey (infants) or endospores entering the wound and is considered a category A bioterrorist threat?

Botulism

What pathogen causes Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

NOTE: clostridium think endospores

What condition has spastic paralysis (unrelenting severe muscular contraction), lockjaw, Risus sardonicus (smiling spasm), sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms, and can cause death from asphyxiation (cannot exhale) due to a break in the skin, mucus membrane, puncture wound, or umbilical stump?

Tetanus (lockjaw)

What pathogen causes Tetanus (lockjaw)?

Clostridium tetani

NOTE: Clostridium think endospores

What type of Tetanus has a mortality >90% due to an infected umbilical stump?

Neonatal tetanus

What condition is the MC form of meningitis, and is more mild?

Viral meningitis (Aseptic meningitis)

What pathogen causes Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)?

Enteroviruses (Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Echovirus (90%))

What condition has 4 different categories: asymptomatic that makes up 90% of cases; Minor that has nonspecific symptoms, Nonparalytic that has muscle spasms and back pain; and finally Paralytic (Bulbar) that can produce paralysis?

Poliomyelitis

NOTE: FDR diagnosed w/ polio

What pathogen causes Poliomyelitis?

Poliovirus

What is crippling deterioration after poliomyelitis?

Postpolio syndrome

What are the 2 vaccines for Poliomyelitis? Which is no longer given in the US?

OPV (no longer in US)

IPV