Paper 3 - AO3

What study supports the Investment Model of relationships?

Rusbult (Investment Model): Questionnaire of romantic couples; commitment highest when satisfaction & investment high, alternatives low. AO3: Self-report → social desirability bias; correlational → cannot establish cause.

How is reductionism a limitation of relationship theories?

Clark & Mills: Lab study comparing communal vs exchange relationships; supports communal relationships. AO3: Lab setting = artificial, reduces ecological validity; theories like SET reduce relationships to cost–reward analysis.

Give an example of cultural bias in relationship theories.

Hatfield: Questionnaires on equity & satisfaction; equitable relationships most satisfied. AO3: Assumes individualistic values → may not generalise to collectivist cultures.

Which study shows online relationships can become deep/intimate?

McKenna & Bargh: Longitudinal study of online relationships; many became real and stable. AO3: Self-report → limited generalisability.

How is temporal validity a limitation of virtual relationship research

McKenna & Bargh: Early internet study may not apply to modern social media (TikTok, Instagram). AO3: Technology evolves rapidly → findings may be outdated.

Give a study supporting parasocial relationships.

Cohen: Questionnaires on attachment to TV characters; strong emotional bonds form. AO3: Self-report → may exaggerate feelings.

Which study shows genetic influence in schizophrenia?

Gottesman: Twin study; MZ twins 48% concordance, DZ lower. AO3: Not 100% → environment matters; strong biological support.

Which study supports the interactionist/diathesis-stress model?

Tienari: Adopted children with schizophrenic biological mothers; high risk only in dysfunctional families. AO3: Strong interactionist evidence → more complete explanation.

How does family dysfunction research support schizophrenia AO3 points?

Read: Childhood trauma linked to schizophrenia. AO3: Retrospective data → hard to establish cause; symptom overlap reduces reliability.

Give a study linking personality to crime.

Eysenck: Theory linking Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism traits to crime. AO3: Oversimplifies crime → ignores social factors; deterministic.

Give a study supporting the learning explanation of crime.

Sutherland: Differential association theory; crime is learned through interaction. AO3: Cannot explain individual differences.

Give a longitudinal study of criminal behaviour.

Farrington: Cambridge Study, 411 boys tracked from childhood to adulthood; early behaviour predicts later crime. AO3: Correlational → other variables may influence outcome.ome with same deficiency won’t form paradoxical relationship