AP Euro general

Renaissance years

1450-1527

Reformation years

1517-1555

Religious Wars years

1555-1648

Scientific Revolution years

16th and 17th Centuries

Absolutism and Constitutionalism years

17th Century

The Enlightenment years

18th Century

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era years

1789-1815

The Romantic Era years

1815-1848

Modernism and Imperialism years

1848-1914

Era of Nation-States years

1848-1900

Define Renaissance

• revival of antiquity

• interest in biblical structure revived

• birth of modern age

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Humanism: ___ rather than ___

developing human potential on Earth

rather than living submissively to religion

Plato

A spiritualist

Aristotle

A physicalist, parents worked in medical field

Humanists

live rich and meaningful lives

Lorenzo De Medici

• sponsored/patroned artists like Leonardo Da Vinci, Botticelli, and Michelangelo to create paintings to decorate Florence

• MADE HIMSELF “dictator” of Florence

• talked about Humanistic ideals in the Platonic Academy

extra: witnessed his brother die

Philipo Bruneleschi

• built a dome on the Florence Cathedral

• showcased determination since he had no education

• represents humanism bc willpower

Leonardo Da Vinci

renowned artist during the Renaissance, humanist

Virgin of the Rocks

a painting by Leonardo Da Vinci - a meeting between Jesus and St. John the Baptist

The Last Supper

Painting by Leonardo Da Vinci of Jesus announcing he is going to be betrayed and Judas holding silver

Strong depth and technique

Mona Lisa

Painting by Leonardo Da Vinci famous of engaging eyes and intense presence

Vitruvian Man

Painting by Leonardo Da Vinci - glorified that human body

*represented Humanism

Define the Reformation

• protestant revolt against Roman Catholic church

• catholic practices that could not be supported by biblical scripture (selling of indulgences)

• religious, political ,economical, and cultural fracturing of Europe

Martin Luther

German monk who wrote 95 Theses

Got put on trial for heresy

95 Theses

religious document explaining how the selling of indulgences (pieces of paper with god’s blessing) goes against the scripture. this leads to the protestant revolt

Albert Dürer

created woodcuts like “The Four Horsemen” T

The Four Horsemen

A woodcut by Albert Dürer that represents the apocalypse

Thomas More

author of Utopia

Utopia

a novel that opposes apocalyptical thoughts

represents Christian Humanism

Sermon on Grace and Indulgences

book by Martin Luther

represents Christian Education

Define the Religious Wars

a clash between Protestants and Catholics

The French Wars of Religion

series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)

Edict of Nantes

ended the French Wars of Religion and granted limited religious tolerance

St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre

A wave of Catholic mob violence against Huguenots

The 30 Years war

Peace of Augsburg

temporarily ended religious wars in Europe

only accounted for catholicism and lutheranism

calvinist revolutions

The 80 Years War

war for the Dutch to gain Independence

Define the Scientific Revolution

natural philosphers’s challenged accepted church wisdom

Define the Era of Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Monarchs had more power as a result of the diminished power of the church

Define the French Revolution and the Napoleon Era

economical and agricultural crisis led to replacing monarchy with a republic

Tennis Court Oath

Started the French Revolution

Due to a misunderstanding, the Third estate felt like they weren’t being listened to

They agreed to meet to plan the next constitution

Maximillian Robespierre

started the terror where royals were guillotined

Napoleonic Code

Introduced by Napoleon

freedom, liberty, and brotherhood

Define the Romantic Era

Metternich led the Congress of Vienna to distribute land and prevent republican revolution uprisings

Tsar Alexander I

grandson of Catherine the Great

believed in conservatism

made Russia a powerhouse

implemented the gendarme

Isambard Brunel

first industrial Engineer

built tunnel under thanes river

made a railroad connecting Bristol with nyc

first transatlantic carrier

Liberty Leading the People

a painting by Eugene Delacroix

lady liberty is carrying the French flag

a child represents youth and the future of France

Define Modernism and Imperialism

Social Darwinism + second industrial revolution —> scramble for Africa

Alexander von Humboldt

• Prussian naturalist, explorer, and writer

• explored South America

• influenced Darwin to become a naturalist on the Voyage of the HMS Beaglen

• this was good at the time since Britain was looking for habitable space

On the Origin of Species

• book by Charles Darwin

• catalyzed advancements of social darwinism and communist groups *darwin does not coin the term “social darwinism”

• British Sociologist Herbert Spender coins the term social darwinism after the book is published

• Darwin concludes that “there is a grandeur in this view of life

Friedrich Nietzche

• German-Swiss philosopher of philology (study of languages, culture, and philosophy)

• wrote “The Birth of Tragedy” - about how Greeks developed civilization from the wildness

• Known for “what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger” - humans should push themselves

• two vices: alcohol and Christianity

Christopher Columbus: used ___ for ___

Queen Isabela of Spain, funds for traveling

Venus and Mars (1483)

painting by Sandro Botticelli

Venus, goddess of love and beauty

Mars, god of war

Venus is wide awake

Mars is asleep

Symbolic of Florence: war is gone, art is in

Venice Significance

dominant powerhouse, wealthy, trading

*where banking started!!

Marco Polo

a traitor who snuck into Kublo Khan’s palace

Usury

lending money for interest

stated as immoral by the Christians

Florence Significance

big in wool trade

How were the Jews treated during the Renaissance?

They were forced to leave European Countries “en masse”

The Spanish were the cruelest: Jews had to choose between baptism, personal enslavement, or death

Charles V

Reformation Era

inherited the HRE

established conquistadors

goal was to make Spain wealthy but inflation happened due to mercantilism and the feudal system

went against Martin Luther

El Greco

Interwars Era

“The Greek” — he was Spanish

made dreamy images

made painting of Toledo, Spain

Francesco Goya

Romantic Era

Captured the horrors of war

painted the Spanish people attacking the French in “The Third of May 1808”

Uses light uniquely - highlights the Spanish victims

the main victim standing up in white Kinda resembles Jesus