APWorld Unit 3 Vocabulary

Absolutism

type of government stressing Divine Right and total control by a King

Akbar Style

style of Indo-Islamic architecture conceived during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar

Anglican Church

the Protestant Church created by King Henry VIII in England

Anne Boleyn

second wife of King Henry VIII

Banners

administrative divisions established by the Qing dynasty for Manchu families, evolving into military organization

Canto

a song or ballad; a term adapted by Dante for a principal division of a long poem

Cardinal Richelieu

French clergyman and statesman who served as Chief Minister to King Louis XIII

Castes

strict social groupings designated at birth for Hindus, also called jatis

Catherine the Great

German queen who ruled Russia in absolute power and expanded its territory

Catholic Reformation

the Catholic Church's attempt to address its issues and counter the Protestant Reformation

Charles I

King of England tried and executed for treason

Charles V

Emperor of Spain, New Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, and Burgundy

Cossacks

peasants in Russia who combined agriculture with military conquests

Council of Trent

assembly correcting abuses in the Catholic Church and reaffirming rituals

Czar

the Russian term for Emperor (Caesar)

Daimyo

powerful nobles in early modern Japan

Devshirme

Ottoman system of training talented children for administration or the sultan's harem

Diet of Worms

assembly where Martin Luther was tried and declared an outlaw by Charles V

Divine Right

belief that God chose a specific king to rule, underpinning absolutism

Dyarchy

Qing dynasty system sharing administrative positions between Chinese and Manchus

Edict of Nantes

allowed Huguenots to practice their faith in France

Emperor Kangxi

Qing dynasty emperor who expanded China's borders

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor who rejected trade liberalization with Europe

Empiricism

belief that knowledge originates in experience and relies on observation

English Bill of Rights

document limiting the monarch's power and granting rights to the Middle Classes

English Civil War

conflict between Parliament and Royalty over political issues

Erasmus

leading Renaissance scholar and Dutch humanist

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary influential in evangelization in Asia

Ghazi

Muslim religious warriors

Grand Vizier

chief minister in the Ottoman Empire

Gunpowder Empires

empires that relied on gunpowder for territorial expansion

Gutenberg Printing Press

invention that increased literacy by allowing books to be printed

Harem

private living quarters of rulers in the Ottoman Empire

Henry VIII

King of England who created the Anglican Church for a divorce

Heresy

belief that contradicts accepted Christian doctrine

Hidden Imam

Shi'ite belief in a messianic figure expected to return

Imam

leader of prayer in a Muslim mosque

Indulgences

documents sold for forgiveness of sins

Infidel

someone who does not share a particular faith

Inquisitions

tribunals for investigating heresy

Intendants

royal officials in France executing central government orders

Isfahan

capital city of Iran during the Safavid Empire

Ismail

Safavid military hero who conquered Persia

Istanbul

name given to Constantinople after its conquest by the Ottomans

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

first Russian ruler to use the term "Czar"

Janissaries

elite troops loyal to the Ottoman sultan

Jesuits

religious order opposing the spread of Protestantism

John Calvin

founder of the Calvinist Church in Geneva

Jizya

tax on non-Muslims in Islamic states

Justices of the Peace

officials maintaining peace and enforcing laws in England

Kabuki

stylized form of Japanese theater

Limited Monarchy

government where a king's power is limited by Parliament

Louis XIV

French king exemplifying absolutism

Macao

Chinese shipping city under Qing and Portuguese control

Manchuria

region in northeast China, home of the Manchus

Manchus

ethnic minority in China ruling from 1644-1912

Mansabs

land grants in India for military or government service to the Mughal Empire

Martin Luther

German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation

Mateo Ricci

Jesuit priest influential in China missions

Mehmet II

Ottoman ruler who captured