Biomechanics Exam 1

Bio

means life

Mechanics

The study of the actions of forces (both internal muscle forces and external muscle forces).

Biomechanics

The study of the mechanical aspects of living organisms.

Statics

The study of systems in constant motion, including zero motion.

Dynamics

The study of systems subject to acceleration.

Kinematics

The study of the size, sequencing, and timing of movement, without regard for the forces that cause or result from the motion.

Kinetics

The study of forces, including internal forces (muscle forces) and external forces (the forces of gravity and the forces exchanged by bat and ball).

Qualitative

Pertaining to quality without the use of numbers (e.g., strong, skillful, agile, flexible, fast).

Quantitative

Involves numbers (e.g., he missed the mat by 30 cm).

Kinesiology

The study of human movement and how it affects the body and overall health.

Linear motion

Motion in a line that’s straight or curved.

Rectilinear motion

Motion in a straight line.

Curvilinear motion

Motion along a curved line.

Angular motion

Rotation around an imaginary line known as the axis of rotation; motion at most human body joints are this way.

General motion

Combination of linear and angular motion components.

Mechanical system

A body or a portion of a body that is deliberately chosen as the system to be analyzed.

Anatomical reference position

The starting point for all body segment movements; standing erect with all body parts facing forward.

Superior

Closer to the head.

Inferior

Farther away from the head.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer in proximity to the trunk.

Distal

At a distance from the trunk.

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body.

Deep

Inside the body away from the surface.

Sagittal Plane

The plane where forward and backward movements occur.

Frontal Plane

The plane where lateral movements occur.

Transverse Plane

The plane for rotational movements.

Sagittal Plane Movements

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion.

Longitudinal Axis

Directed vertically and around which rotational movements occur.

Anteroposterior axis

Directed along the sagittal plane and around which rotations in the frontal plane occur.

Mediolateral axis

Directed along the frontal plane and around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur.

Frontal Plane movements

Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, radial ulnar deviation.

Transverse plane movements

Left and right rotation, medial and lateral rotation, supination, pronation, horizontal abduction, and adduction.

Ulna

Bone on the pinky side of the hand.

Radius

Bone on the thumb side of the hand.

Circumduction

Combines all movements in one.

Sagittal Plane

Flexion,Extension, Hyperextension, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion

Inertia

Tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion. There is no way to measure this

Mass

Quantity of matter composing a body, represented by m, with units in kg.

Force

A push or pull acting on a body, characterized by magnitude, direction, and point of application. Unit is (N) or Newton

Greater

the _____ the mass of an object the more resistance to change it will have

Free body diagram

A sketch showing a defined system in isolation with all force vectors acting on it.

Net Force

The single resultant force derived from the vector composition of all acting forces.

Torque

The rotary effect of a force, also known as a moment of force.

Center of Gravity (COG)

The point around which a body’s weight is equally balanced in all directions. Serves as an index of total body motion.

Weight

Gravitational force that the earth exerts on a body, -9.81 m/s²

Pressure

Force per unit of area over which the force acts, commonly seen in psi or N/m².

Stress

Force per unit of area over which the force acts, with units in N/m². Commonly used to describe force distribution within a solid

Volume

Space occupied by a body, measured in m³ and cm³.

Density

Mass per unit of volume, with units in kg/m³.

Specific weight

Weight per unit of volume, measured in N/m³.

Compression

Pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body.

Tension

Pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body.

Shear

Force directed parallel to a surface, causing opposite directional movement.

Bending

Asymmetric loading producing tension on one side and compression on the other.

Torsion

Load producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis.

Repetitive Loading

Repeated application of a subacute load of relatively low magnitude.

Acute Loading

Application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to biological tissue.

Stiffness

A stress/strain ratio; stress divided by the relative amount of change in shape, indicating the deflection caused by a load in a material.

Compressive Strength

The ability of a material to resist pressing or squeezing forces.

Calcium Carbonate, Calcium phosphate, Collagen, and Water

The 4 building blocks of bone are

Collagen

A major building block of bone that contributes to flexibility and tensile strength. Aging can cause this to be lost while the bone becomes increasingly brittle.

Water

A major building block of bone that comprises 25-30% of bone weight and affects bone strength.

Bone Porosity

The amount of bone volume filled with pores or cavities, which affects bone strength.

Cortical Bone

Compact mineralized bone with low porosity, found in the shafts of long bones.

Trabecular Bone

Less compact bone with high porosity, found in the ends of long bones and the vertebrae. aka cancellous bone

Anisotropic

A property of bone indicating that it has different strength and stiffness depending on the direction of the load.

Anisotropic

Bone is __________, it has different strength and stiffness depending   on the direction of the load. This means the structure of a bone can affect its strength

Strongest

Bone is ______ in resisting compression and weakest in resisting shear

Axial Skeleton

(central) includes bones found in the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

(peripheral) consists of bones composing the body appendages.

206

There are ____ bones in the human body.

Short Bones

Carpal and tarsal bones are cubical in shape and are examples of _____bones.

Flat Bones

This type of bone protects organs and provides surfaces for muscle attachments. The scapula is an example of this bone.

Irregular Bones

These bones have different shapes to serve specialized functions. for example the axis

Long Bones

bones that form the framework of the appendicular skeleton with long shafts and bulbous ends like the femur.

Epiphyseal Plates/ epiphyses

growth centers for new bone cells that close around age 18-25.

circumference

Bones grow in _________ by the inner layer of the periosteum building concentric layers of new bone.

Osteoblasts

Specialized cells that build new bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Specialized cells that resorb bone tissue. (break down)

Lack of weight-bearing exercise, spending time in water, bed rest, and space travel can lead to decreased bone density.

What causes diminished bone density

Osteoporosis

a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength, leading to pain and fractures resulting from daily activities

Type 1 Osteoporosis

Disorder that affects women after age 50. (postmenopausal)

Type 2 Osteoporosis

disorder that affects both women and men after age 70. (age associated)

Osteopenia

The beginning stage of osteoporosis where bone density has decreased.

Carpal is in the hands and Tarsal is in the feet

Carpal and tarsal bones are located where in your body?

The theory that bones will align and adapt to the stress that is places upon it

What is Wolff’s Law?

Hypertrophy

meaning growth

dominant

Your ______ arm has longer bones in it and will fatigue faster than the other.

Weight Bearing Exercises

The best exercises to increase bone density and bone mass

Female Athlete Triad

Eating disorder, Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis

true

true or false: Osteoporosis can be treated and reversed back to osteopenia.