DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ALIMENTARY CANAL

ALSO CALLED THE GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT OR GUT, IS A CONTINUOUS, COILED

MOUTH

A MUCOUS MEMEBRANE LINED CAVITY WHERE THE FOOD ENTERS

LIPS

PROTECT THE ANTERIOR OPENING OF THE MOUTH

CHEEKS

FORMS THE LATERAL WALLS OF THE MOUTH

HARD PALATE

FORMS THE ANTERIOR ROOF OF THE MOUTH

SOFT PALATE

FORMS THE POSTERIOR ROOF OF THE MOUTH

UVULA

A FLESHY FINGER-LIKE PROJECT OR OF THE SOFT PALATE WHICH EXTENDS INFERIORLY FROM THE POSTERIOR EDGE OF THE SOFT PALATE

VESTIBULE

THE SPACE BETWEEN THE LIPS AND THE CHEEKS EXTERNALLY AND THE TEETH AND GUMS INTERIORLY

ORAL CAVITY PROPER

AREA CONTAINED BY THE TEETH

TONGUE

OCCUPIES THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH AND HAS SEVERAL BONY ATTACHMENTS (HYOID BONE AND STYLOID PROCESS)

LINGUAL FRENULUM

A FOLD OF MOCUOS MEMBRANE, SERVES THE TONGUE TO THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH AND LIMITS ITS POSTERIOR MOVEMENT

PALATINE TONSIL

IT THE POSTERIOR END OF THE ORAL CAVITY ARE PAIRED MASSES OF LYMPATHIC TISSUE

LINGUAL TONSIL

COVER THE BASE OF THE TONGUE

OROPHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

TWO TYPE OF PHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

POSTERIOR TO THE ORAL CAVITY

LARYNGOPHARYNX

POSTERIOR TO THE LARYNX, IS CONTINUOS WITH ESOPHAGUS, BOTH WHICH ARE COMMON PASSAGEWAY FROM FOOD, FLUIDS, AND AIR

ESOPHAGUS

ALSO KNOW AS THE GULLET MENS FROM THE PHARYNX THROUGH THE DIAPHRAGM TO THE STOMACH ESSENTIALLY A PASSAGEWAY THAT CONDUCTS FOOD BY PERITALSIS TO THE STOMACH

25 CM OR 10 INCH

SIZE OF ESOPHAGUS

MUCOSA

THE INNERMOST LAYER A MOIST MEMBRANE THAT LINE THE CAVITY OR LUMEN OF THE ORGAN IT CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF A SURFACE EPITHELIUM PLUS A SMALL AMOUTH OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (LAMINA PROPRIA) AND A SCANTY SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER

SUBMUCOSA

FOUND JUST BENEATH THE MUCOSA; A SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER CONTAINING BLOOD VESSELS, NERVE ENDING, LYMPH NODULES AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS

MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

A MUSCLE LAYER TYPICALLY MADE UP OF OUR INNER CIRCULAR LAYER AND AN OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

SEROSA

IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE WALL THAT CONSISTS OF A SINGLE FLAT SEROUS FLUID-PRODUCING CELLS

VISCERAL PERITONEUM

FLAT SEROUS FLUID - PRODUCING CELLS

INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUS

NETWORK OF NERVE FIBERS THAT ARE ACTUALLY PART OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HELP REGULATE THE MOBILITY AND SECRETOMY ACTIVITY OF THE GI TRACT ORGANS

SUBMUCOSAL NERVE PLEXUS

MYENTERIC NERVE PLEXUS

THE ALIMENTARY CANAL WALL CONTAIN TWO IMPORTANT INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUS WHICH ARE

STOMACH

FOUND ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY, NEARLY HIDDEN IN THE LIVER AND DIAPHRAGM. IT ACT AS A TEMPORARY “STORAGE TRUNK” FOR FOOD AS WELL AS A SITE FOR FOOD BREAKDOWN

CARDIAC REGION

SURROUNDS THE CARDIOESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

CARDIOESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

“GATE” THROUGH WHICH FOOD ENTER THE STOMACH FROM THE ESOPHAGUS. IT IS A RING OF MUSCLE LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE ESOPHAGUS AND THE STOMACH IT PREVENT BACKFLOW OF STOMACH CONTENT

FUNDUS

EXPANDED PART OF THE STOMACH LATERAL TO THE CARDIAC REGION

BODY

THE MID PORTION OF THE STOMACH

PYLORUS

THE TERMINAL PART OF THE STOMACH AND IT IS CONTINUOUS WITH THE SMALL INTESTINE

PLYORIC SPHINCTER

A RING OF MUSCLE LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE DUODENUM IT REGULATE THE PASSAGE OF CHYME FROM THE STOMACH INTO THE DUODENUM

BOLUS

ROUNDED MASS OF FOOD THE PONS IN THE MOUTH AFTER CHEWING

CHYME

PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD THAT FORMS IN THE STOMACH RESEMBLE A LEAVY CREAM

15 TO 25 CM IN LENGTH

SIZE OF THE STOMACH

4 LITERS (1 GALLON) OF FOOD

IT COLLAPSES ON ITSELF

DIAMETER OF STOMACH WHEN FULL AND WHEN EMPTY IT

RUGAE

THE FOLDS ON RIDGE FOUND ON THE INNER LINING OF THE STOMACH THE MUCOSA OF THE STOMACH IS THROWN INTO LOUGE FOLD WHEN IT IS EMPTY

GREATER CURVATURE

THE CONVEX (THE BULDGE ARE CURVE OUTWARD) LATERAL SURFACE OF THE STOMACH

LESSER CURVATURE

THE CONCAVE (THE CURVE IMUATOL) LATERAL SURFACE OF THE STOMACH

LESSER OMENTUM

A DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONIUM, EXTENDS FROM THE LIVER TO THE GREATER CURVATURE

GREATER OMENTUM

ANOTHER EXTENSION OF THE PERITONIUM DAPES DOWNWARD AND COVER THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS LIKE A LACY APRON BEFORE ATTACHING TO THE POSTERIOR BODY WALL

STOMACH MUCOSA

A SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM COMPOSED ENTIRELY OF MUCOUS CELL THAT PRODUCE A PROTECTIVE LAYER A BICARBONATE-RICH ALKANE MUCUS

GASTRIC GLANDS

SECRETES GASTRIC JUICE

INTRINSIC FACTORS

A SUBSTANCE NEEDED FOR THE ABSOPTION OF VITAMIN B12 FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE

CHIEF CELLS

PRODUCE PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYME, MOSTLY PERISINOGEN

PEPSINOGEN

INACTIVE FORM OF THE ENZYME PEPSIN

PEPSIN

ACTIVE FORM, HELP BREAK DOWN PROTEIN INTO SMALLER PEPTIDES

AMYLASE

AN ENZYME FOUND IN SALIVA THAT BREAKS DOWN STANCHES OR CARBOHYDRATES INTO SIMPLER SUGARS

PARIETAL CELL

PRODUCE CORROSIVE HYDROCHLORIC AAD WHICH MAKES THE STOMACH CONTENTS ACIDIC AND ACTIVATES ENZYME

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

PRODUCE LOCAL HORMONES LIKE GASTRIN

SMALL INTESTINE

BODY’S MAIN DIGESTIVE ORGAN

A MUSCULAR TUBE EXTENDING FROM THE PYLORIC SPHINCTER TO THE LARGE INTESTINE

LONGEST SECTION OF THE ALIMENTARY TUBE

2.5 TO 7M (8 TO 20 FEET)

SIZE OF SMALL INTESTINE

DUODENUM 5%

JEJUNUM 40%

ILEUM 60%

DIVISION OF SMALL INTESTINE

ILEOCECAL VALUE

IT IS WHERE ILEUM MEETS THE LARGE INTESTINE CONNECTS THE SMALL INTESTINE TO LARGE INTESTINE

HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA

ROUNDED ENLARGEMENT WHERE THE MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT AND LULE DUCT JOIN AT THE DUODENUM

DUODENAL PAPILLA

IT IS WHERE THE BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICE ENTER THE DUODENUM

MICROVILLI (BRUSH BORGES)

TINY PROJECTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE MUCOSA CELL THAT GIVE THE CELLS SURFACE A FUZZY APPEARANCE

VILLI

FINGER-LIKE PROJECTION OF THE MUCOSA THAT GIVE IT A VELVETY APPERANCE AND FEEL

LACTEAL

RICH CAPPILLARY BED AND A MODIFIED LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY

PLICAE CIRCULARES OR CIRCULARES FOLD

DEEP FOLD OF BOTH MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA LAYER

PAYER’S PATCHES

LOCAL COLLECTION OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE FOUND IN THE SUBMUCOSA INCREASE IN NUMBER TOWARD THE END OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

DRY OUT INDIGESTABLE FOOD BY ABSORBING THE WATER AND TO ELIMINATE THESE RESIDUES FROM THE BODY AS FECES

MUCH LARGER IN DIAMETER THAN SMALL INTESTINE BUT SHORTER IN LENGTH

CECUM

APPENDIX

COLON

RECTUM

ANAL CANAL

SUBDIVISION OR LARGE INTESTINE:

CECUM

FIRST PART OF LARGE INTESTINEA

APPENDIX

HANGIN FROM THE CECUM A POTENTIAL TROUBLE SPOT BECAUSE IT IS AN IDEAL LOCATION FOR BACTERIA TO ACCUMULATE AND MULTIPLY

ASCENDING COLON

TRAVEL UP TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND MAKE A TURN TO TRAVEL ACROSS THE ABDOMINALCAVITY

RIGHT COLIC (HEPATIC) FLEXURE

THE TURN TOWARD TRANSVERSE COLON

TRANSVERSE COLON

TRAVEL ACROSS ABDOMINAL CAVITYLE

LEFT COLIC (SPLENIC) FLEXURE

THE TWIN FROM THE TRANSVERSE COLON TO THE DESCENDING COLON

DESCENDING COLON

TRAVELS DOWN THE LEFT SIDE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

SIGMOID COLON

S-SHAPE, ENTERS THE PELVIS

ANAL CANAL

ENDS AT THE ANUS WHICH OPEN TO THE EXTERIOR

EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER

EXTERNAL VOLUNTARY SPHINCTER COMPOSED OF SMOOTH MUSLE

INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER

INTERNAL INVOLUNTARY SPHINCTER COMPOSED OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

TEETH

TEARS AND GRIND FOOD, BREAKING IT DOWN INTO SMALLER FRAGMENTS

DECIDUOUS TEETH

ALSO CALLED THE BABY TEETH OR MILK TEETH

6 MONTHS

DECIDUOUS BEGIN IN

2 YEARS OLD

BABY HAS FULL SET OF TEETH (20 TEETH) BY THE AGE OF

PERMANENT TEETH

SECOND SET OF TEETH THEY ENLARGE AND DEVELOP, THE RASTS OF THE MILK TEETH ARE REABSORBS

INCISORS

CHISEL- SHAPE, ADAPTED FOR CUTTING

CAMINES

FANG LIKE, FOR TEARING AND PIERCING

PREMOLAR AND MOLAR

HAVE BROAD CROWNS WITH ROUND CLISPS BEST SLUTED FOR GRINDING

CROWN

EXPOSED PART OF THE TOOTH

ENAMEL

HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY AND IS FAIRLY BRITTLE BECAUSE IT IS HEAVILY MINERALIZED WITH CALCIUM SACTS

CEMENTUM

GOVERS THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE ROOT THAT ATTACTES THE TOOTH YO THE PERIDENTAL

BENTIN

A NON LIKE MATERIAL CINDERLIES THE ENAMEL AND FORMS THE BULK OF THE TOOTH

PULP CAVITY

SURROUNDS A CENTRAL PULP CAVITY WHICH CONTAIN NUMBER OF STRUCTURE COLLECTIVELY CALLED PULP

ROOT CANAL

WHERE PULP CAVITY EXTENDS TO THE ROOT WHICH PROVIDES A ROUTE FOR BLOOD VESSELS, NERVE, AND OTHER PULP STRUCTURES

PAROTID GLAND

LIE ANTERIOR TO THE EARS AND EMPTY THEIR SECRETIONS INTO THE MOUTH

SUBLINGUAL AND SUBMANDIDULAR GLAND

EMPTY THEIR SECRETION INTO THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH THROUGH LING DUCTS

SALIVA

PRODUCT OF SALIVARY GLAND, A MIXTURE OF MUCUS AND SEROUS FLUID

SALIVARY AMYLASE

CLEAR SEROUS PORTION CONTAIN AN ENZYME THAT BEGIN THE PROCESS OF STERCH DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH

PANCREAS

ONLY ORGAN THAT PRODUCES ENZYME THAT BREAK DOWN ALL CATEGORIES OF DIGESTIVE FOODS

SOFT, PINK, TRIANGULAR GLAND THAT EXTENDS ACROSS THE ABDOMEN FROM THE SPLEEN TO THE DUODENIUM

RETROPERITONEAL

LOCATION OF THE PANCREAS

PANCREATIC ENZYME

SECRETED INTO THE DUODENUM IN AN ALKALINE FLUID THAT NUTRALYZED THE ACIDIC CHYME COMING IN THE STOMACH

LIVER

LARGEST INTERNAL ORGAN AND GLAND IN THE BODY

IT IS UNDER THE DIAPHRAGM MOVE TO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY AND OVERLIES THE STOMACH

FALCIFORM LIGAMENTS

A DELICATE MESENTERY CORD THAT SUSPENDS THE LIVER

BILE

YELLOW TO GREEN WATERY SOLUTION CONTAINING BILE SALTS , BILE PIGMENT, CHOLESTEROL, PHOSPOLIPIDS AND VARIETY OF ELECTROLYTES

BILE SALTS

EMULSIFY FACTS BY PHYSICALLY BREAKING LARGE FAT GLOBULES INTO SMALLER ONE

GALLBLADDER

CONCENTRATES BILE BY REMOVING WATER