Nutrition: Bone Health Nutrients Ch9

collagen

a strong fibrous protein made up mostly of glycine and proline amino acids

hydroxyapatite

the primary crystal of bone formed from calcium and phosphorus

trabecular or cancellous bone

less dense bone with a lattice-like structure. also called spongy bone

cortical bone

dense, strong bone that surrounds trabecular bone tissue. also called compact bone

osteoblasts

cells that build new bone tissue

osteoclasts

large cells that break down bone tissue

osteocytes

star-shaped cells that are the most abundant cell type in bone tissue

bone remodeling

process in which bone tissue is broken down and the rebuilt at the same location

bone resorption

process in which osteoclasts secrete hydrogen ions, which acidify the local environment and dissolve the minerals in the bone-tissue matrix

osteoid

bone tissue that is not mineralized

calcium

the most abundant mineral in mineralized bone tissue. good dietary sources of calcium are dairy products and many vegetables with low oxalate content, such as kale, collard greens, and okra

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

hormone acts to increase calcium levels in the blood

calcitriol

the active hormone produced by vitamin D that also helps to increase and regulate blood calcium levels

calcitonin

hormone that has the opposite effect of calcitriol and parathyroid hormones and aids in the maintenance of blood calcium levels by decreasing the calcium levels are necessary

vitamin D

both a vitamin and a hormone, vitamin D plays an essential role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. a deficiency in vitamin D compromises bone health

nutritional rickets

a childhood bone disease caused by a lack of vitamin D. it is characterized by soft, weak bones, that are susceptible to fracture

osteomalacia

similar to nutritional rickets, in adults this disease involves softening and weaking of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem metabolizing the vitamin

phosphorus

a mineral that makes up a substantial bone tissue. the dietary sources are non-genetically-modified soy, legumes, whole grains, dairy, nuts, and seeds

magnesium

a mineral that is a part of mineralized bone tissue. the dietary sources are meat, fish, dairy products, whole grains, nuts, chocolate, and coffee

fluoride

a mineral that blocks tooth decay and is part of mineralized bone tissue. the primary dietary source is fluoridated water

vitamin K

a vitamin that acts as a coenzyme that modifies proteins important for bone health. the dietary sources are green vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, kale, parsely, spinach, and lettuce

osteoporosis

excessive bone loss over time

osteopenia

lower-than-normal bone mass

peak bone mass

the greatest amount of bone mass that a person reaches during their lifetime

bone mineral density (BMD)

measurement of the amount of calcified tissue in grams per centimeter squared of bone tissue

dual-energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

a procedure during which two X-ray beams pass through a person and calculate the amount of calcified tissue in grams per unit area of bone

T-score

compares the patient’s BMD to the averaged BMD of a healthy thirty-year-old population of the same sex

risk factor

a variable that is linked to an increased probability of developing probability of developing a disease of adverse outcome

estrogen

primary female reproductive hormone

primary prevention

actions take to avoid developing a disease before it starts

secondary prevention

strategies focused on halting or reversing a disease after it has developed