brainstem autonomic

sympathetic

activated in stressful situations to increase energy expenditure

T1-L2

sympathetic IML

acetylcholine, noradrenaline

most sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons use _____ as do post-ganglionic neurons innervating sweat glands. all other post-ganglionic neurons use ______

parasympathetic

conserves and restores body energy

III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4

parasympathetic CNs and IML

acetylcholine

parasympathetic neurotransmitter

dorsal motor nucleus, heart, external formation, nucleus ambiguus

preganglionic parasympathetics for X except for functions relating to the _____ (____ ___ of ____ ____)

ASA

DMX vessel irrigation

inferior salivatory nuclei, ponto-medullary junction, otic

parasympathetic nuclei for IX + location + what ganglion they innervate

superior salivatory nuclei, pons, pterygopalatine

parasympathetic nuclei for VII + location + what ganglion they innervate

edinger-westphal nucleus, midbrain, ciliary, accommodation, pupillary constriction

parasympathetic nucleus for III + location + what ganglion it innervates - responsible for _____ and _____ ______

basilar paramedian perforators

edinger-westphal blood supply

optic tract, LGN, brachium, superior colliculus, pretectal nucleus

branches off of the ____ ___ bypass the ____ and enter the midbrain via the _____ of the _____ _____ to synapse onto the _____ _____ (consensual pupillary light reflex)

pretectal, posterior commissure, edinger-westphal nuclei, ciliary, pupillary constriction

______ neurons send axons through _____ ____ to bilateral ____-______ _____ after receiving bilateral input from optic nerves. Axons of the nuclei innervate the _____ ganglion and promote ____ ______

CN II

no dilation issue, no light reflex in affected eye, intact consensual pupillary light reflex to other - damage to what?

CN III

one eye is dilated more than the other, deficient consensual pupillary light reflex - damage to what?

posterior commissure

pupillary light reflex is not consensual - damage to what?

optic chiasm

no effect on pupillary reflex or dilation - damage to what?

nucleus tractus solitarii

IX and X GVA

carotid body and sinus

IX GVA information location

cranial, parabrachial complex, contralateral thalamus

NTS information from ____ nerve afferents synapses onto the NTS and projects up to the pontine _____ _____, which projects to the ______ ______

spinal, VPL thalamus, parabrachial complex

____ nerve afferents send projections directly to ____ _____ but also gives branches to NTS and _____ _____

lateral tegmentum, pons-midbrain, amygdala, hypothalamus, VPM thalamus

parabrachial is in the _____ _____ of the ___-_____ junction and relays visceral information to the ____ and ______, and relays taste information to the ____ _______

local, interneurons, reflex, pattern generators, hypothalamus

3 main levels of autonomic control: ____ via _____ or _____ arcs, autonomic ____ _____ in the reticular formation, and the _______ (head ganglion)

afferent, IX, X, NTS, ventrolateral medulla, vagal, sympathetic

baroreceptor reflex involves an ____ loop (CNs ___ and ___), the ____, connections between it and the _____ ____, and _____ and _____ outflow

aortic, carotid, caudal NTS, external nucleus ambiguus, caudal ventrolateral medulla, slowing, rostral ventrolateral medulla, medullary reticulospinal

baroreceptors in ____ arch and _____ sinus —> ____ _____ in medulla —> excitatory input to _____ _____ ____ and the ____ ______ _____. input to the former causes _____ of heart rate and contraction strength. input to the latter results in inhibitory input to the _____ _____ _____, which sends axons to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord via the _____ ______ pathway

IX, X, caudal NTS, external nucleus ambiguus, parasympathetic

baroreceptor reflex (directly reduce heart rate and contraction): afferents (CNs?) to ____ ____ to _____ _____ ____, which sends preganglionic ______ efferents to heart

caudal ventrolateral medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, medullary reticulospinal

baroreceptor reflex (reduce sympathetic tone to heart): caudal NTS to _____ _____ _____, which inhibits the ______ _____ ____ that facilitates sympathetic tone in the heart via connections to sympathetic IML in spinal cord (travels along the _____ ______ pathway)

NTS, primary, essential

prolonged high BP leads to a decrease in sensitivity in the _____, leading to _____ or _____ hypertension

drop, syncope

age leads to increased carotid sinus sensitivity, which leads to slight increases in neck BP causing a ____ in BP, leading to _______

dorsal respiratory column, phrenic nucleus, inspiration

medullary respiratory center - formed by VL NTS and adjacent reticular formation. receives chemosensory and lung mechanosensory input and sends axons to the _____ _____. responsible for ______ and respiration rhythms

ventral respiratory column, forced expiration, intercostals

medullary respiratory center - very sensitive to CO2 - concerned with ______ ____ via ______ (muscle)

medullary respiratory centers

vulnerable during infancy (shaken baby)

lateral funiculus, medullary reticulospinal tract

descending spinal pathways from DRC and VRC run in _____ _____ with _____ _____ ____

apneustic, DRC, lung stretch, over-inflation

pontine respiratory center - drives inspiration by exciting ____. inhibited by input from ____ ____ receptors that serve to prevent ____-_____ of the lungs

pneumotaxic, DRC

pontine respiratory center - controls rate and depth of respiration by inhibiting ____ to end inspiration

bradycardia, peripheral resistance, apnea, blood, aspiration of water

diving reflex leads to _______, increased _____ _____, and ______. These serve to redirect ____ to brain and heart, prevent ____ ___ __, and balance vasoconstriction

V, VIII, IX, X, respiratory, medulla

diving reflex involves CNs ___, ___?, ___, and ___, and _____ centers in the _____

GVA, detrusor, internal sphincter, Onuf’s nucleus, pontine storage area, rostral pons, external sphincter, pudendal nerve

urinary storage: bladder distention activates ____ fibers in ____ _____ nerves —> sympathetic nervous system via interneurons, which inhibits ____ and contracts _____ _____. They also stimulate _____ _____, which is also excited by the _____ ____ ____ in the ____ _____. This contracts the ____ _____ via the ______ ______

pelvic splanchnic, PAG, pontine micturition center, sympathetic, Onuf’s, parasympathetic

urinary elimination: distention of bladder intensifies GVA firing in ____ _____ nerves, which activates an ascending pathway to _____, which relays the signal to the _____ _____ ______. This sends descending inputs to spinal cord that inhibits ______ activity, ____ nucleus, and stimulates ______ neurons in sacral spinal cord

pontine micturition, spinothalamic

descending _____ _____ pathways descending in the lateral funiculus on the outside of the ______ tract

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

hypothalamus —> GVE nuclei in brainstem. runs in dorsal brainstem tegmentum

hypothalamospinal tract, central tegmental

hypothalamus —> preganglionic sympathetic IML neurons - travels in the ____ _____ tract

hypothalamospinal, Horner’s, ptosis, droopy, miosis, constricted, sweat, flushed, sunken

damage to _____ pathway above T1 can result in _____ syndrome, which results in _____ (____ eyelid), _____ (_____ pupil), inability to _____, _____ skin, and ____ eye

dorsal motor nucleus

NTS

edinger-westphal nucleus

parabrachial complex, NTS, ventroposterior thalamic complex

edinger-westphal nucleus, pretectal nucleus, ciliary ganglia, III

central tegmental tract, dorsolateral

is this a midline or dorsolateral structure?

hypogastric nerve, pontine storage center, PAG, pontine micturition center, pudendal nerve, external urethral sphincter, Onuf’s nucleus

V, VIII, IX, X, apnea, vaso-constriction, bradycardia

RVLM, CVLM, IX, X, NTS

defecation, micturition, diaphragmatic reticulospinal tract