Cheat Sheet 9: Biotechnology and Microscopy

Cell Theory

All living organisms consist of one or more cells.

RNA World Hypothesis

Self-replicating RNA molecules were life's precursors.

Central Dogma of Biology

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Amplifies DNA sample through denaturation, annealing, elongation.

Denaturation

High heat separates double-stranded DNA during PCR.

Annealing

Cooling allows primers to attach to DNA strands.

Elongation

Polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands during PCR.

Centrifugation

Separates components of a liquid sample by spinning.

DNA Sequencing

Determines the sequence of base pairs in DNA/RNA.

Blotting Techniques

Identifies specific DNA, RNA, or protein fragments.

Southern Blotting

Technique for detecting specific DNA sequences.

Northern Blotting

Technique for detecting specific RNA sequences.

Western Blotting

Technique for detecting specific protein sequences.

Gel Electrophoresis

Separates DNA by size and charge using a gel.

Microarray Assays

Monitors expression of large gene groups in genomes.

Recombinant DNA

Contains DNA segments from multiple sources.

Restriction Enzymes

Cut DNA at specific sequences to create sticky ends.

DNA Ligase

Connects DNA fragments to form recombinant DNA.

Transformation

Introducing plasmid DNA into bacteria for cloning.

Gene Libraries

Collections of DNA pieces from a genome.

Dideoxy Chain Termination

DNA synthesis requires free OH group on 3' carbon.

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope

Uses fluorescent tagging to observe specific cell parts.

Light Microscope

Uses visible light to view thin biological samples.

Scanning Electron Microscope

Views surfaces of 3D objects with high resolution.