FAMILIES & HOUSEHOLDS - DEMOGRAPHY - IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION

STARTER - reasons for the decline in death rates?

• medical improvements and healthcare

• improved living conditions

• more laws around smoking

• better sanitation

• better knowledge around nutrition

• decrease in infectious diseases

• decline in dangerous jobs - health and safety

Define immigration

The movement of people into a society

Define emigration

The movement of people out of a society

Define net migration

The difference between immigrants and emigrants - expressed as a net increase or decrease

Has the net migration increased or decrease in the UK? Why?

Increased - war, more opportunities (jobs), UK is a developed country, people moving to avoid punishment

From the 1900 until WW2, who was the largest immigrant group to the UK?

The Irish

Why is this? (In terms of economic reasons)

• Civil war between Northern and Southern Ireland (Catholic and Protestant)

• rising rent and prices

• poor harvest - the great famine (1840s) - bad harvest of potatoes - lead to starvation

What group was this followed by? Linking to WW2?

Eastern and Central European Jews - refugees escaping from persecution to seek safety

As well, there were oriole of British descent from where?

Canada and the USA

Were most of the immigrants white or non-white?

Non-white - previously people were mainly white British

During the 1950s, which immigrants came to the UK?

Black immigrants from the Caribbean

What was this called? Why?

The windrush generation - this was the name of the boat they came over on

Then what happened after this?

There were more immigrants from various other places (1960s and 1970s)

What was a consequence of this level of immigration?

More ethically diverse society

By 2011, what % of the UK population were ethic minority groups?

14%

What did this lead to, in terms of family diversity?

More family diversity

Examples of this?

• more extended families - brought from African/Indian cultures

• rise in single mothers - mothers flee from war with their children - spilt from partner

• rise in single people - men came over to the UK to find work

• some cultures have gender roles - this influences people

What are some other positives of the rise of immigration to the UK?

• introduction of different cultures (food, music and clothing)

• stronger work force, more workers - fulfilling in jobs other people don’t want to do

• diverse cultures

• sport stars

• national holidays (Ramadan, Chinese new year)

Which countries do emigrants leave from?

• USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

What is the main reason for emigration?

Economic reasons

What is a popular country, that people are emigrating to?

Dubai - pay no/little tax

What are push factors?

Why people choose to leave

What are examples of push factors? (Why people choose to leave)

• the government/policies

• the weather

• higher taxes

• poor wages

• boring cultures

• housing conditions

What are pull factors?

Why people choose to stay

What are examples of pull factors? (Why people choose to stay)

• no war (at the minute)

• healthcare (NHS)

• having families and friends here

• football culture

• universities

• language barriers (colonization)

Implications of the rising net migration?

• tensions and rivalry

• scarce resources - providing for more people

• increased government spending - NHS and housing

• higher taxes

• potentially less jobs available - unskilled jobs

• overcrowded prisons

• oversubscribed education

What percentage of immigrants were non-EU citizens?

47%

Where do the majority of immigrants come from?

Middle eastern countries, and Asia

Why is this?

Due to war, for a better life, relationships (same-sex relationships)

Due to non-UK born mothers accounting for 25% of births, what does this increase?

This leads to the dependency ratio going up, as less people are passing away

What has immigration lowered?

The average age of the UK population

What is the reason for this?

Immigrants are generally young - around 20/30s

De to immigrants being young, what does this also mean?

They are more fertile - stable to produce more babies

How do immigrants lower the dependency age?

Due to them being working age

What do older immigrants tend to do?

Return to their country of birth to retire

However, how would immigrants increase the dependency ratio?

Young immigrants have more children, which increases the dependency ratio

However, these children can join the work force - which then decreases the dependency ratio

The longer a group is settled into a country, what happens to their fertility rate?

The closer their fertility rate comes to the national average

What things contribute to identities?

• food, cloths, music, interests, hobbies family, friends, social media, religion, where you are born

What classes as British culture?

• British history, sport, tea, roast dinners, sarcasm, queuing, facebook mums, pubs, spoons, weather, takeaways, V day, the royal family, politeness

What happens to migrant identities? (What do people call it?)

They become 'hybrid identities' (as they adopt different cultures and beliefs)

John Eade found that 2n generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created what?

Hierarchical identities

What does this mean for their identity?

They set he seven as Muslims first, then Bengali and then British

Do others agree with these 'hybrid identities'?

People challenge them - "you're not one of us"

What are immigrant policies linked to?

National security and anti-terrorism policies - in order to control immigration

What is the name of the first state policy that approached immigration?

Assimilation

What does assimilation mean?

People start to embody British culture and leave their own identity

What does this policy encourage immigrants to do?

Adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture to make them "like us"

What is a criticism of this policy?

Migrants may not be willing to abandon their culture or see themselves as belonging to 1 state

What does 'multiculturalism' accept about migrants?

That migrants may wish to rein a separate cultural identity

What was the names of the 2 types of diversity Erikson came up with?

• shallow diversity

• deep diversity

What is shallow diversity?

Visible and acceptable

Acceptance in our eyes (eg. Chicken Tikka Masala as a British national dish - this is seen acceptable to the state)

What is deep diversity?

Non-visible and does not accept

Not acceptable in our eyes (eg. Arranged marriages or women wearing burkas is not seen as acceptable by the state)

Castle argues that Assimilation policies are what?

Counterproductive as they mark minority groups as culturally backwards

What can this lead to in terms of the response from minority groups?

If we force people to conform to our culture, this can cause them to emphasize their differences (eg. Islamic fundamentalism)

What does this lead to?

Marginalization which defeats the goal of assimilation

What can assimilation blame immigrants for?

Social problems - such as unemployment

Why is immigrants not the cause for unemployment?

Immigrants tend to fill in jobs that other people don't want to do, in order to provide and support for their family rater then claiming benefits

This then leads to people (specifically those claiming benefits) blaming immigrants as an excuse for their being no jobs- when this is not the case

Castle and Kosack argue that this benefits what?

Capitalism by creating a racially divided working class preventing united actions against working conditions