Biomechanics: 1

4 examples of an intrinsic risk factor to injury

age, flexibility, previous injury, somatotype

4 examples of an extrinsic factor

physical contact, skill level, playing field, equipment

What are the 4 types of tissues?

epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

skeletla, cardiac, smooth

connective tissue can be split into what two categories?

dense, loose

Connective tissue is made up of _________.

collagen

the ______ of collagen determines the function of the structure created

organization

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

to absorb, secrete, transport, excrete and protect.

does epithelial tissue get blood supply?

no - it is nourished via tissue fluid

What tissue is subject to wear and is constantly being lost and regrown?

epithelial

nervous tissue is formed from the what?

ectoderm

Nervous tissue is ______ and ______.

irritable (reacts to chemical or physical agents) and conductive

Where would you find smooth muscle tissue?

arteries, intestines, respiratory system

T/F: cardiac muscle is striated

T

T/F: skeletal muscle tissue is non striated

F

What is a fibroblast?

cell that contributes to the building up of connective tissue including tendons, ligaments, skin, and bone

fibroblasts create mostly what type of collagen?

T1

what is a chondroblast?

a differentiated fibroblast in cartilage, that produces mostly T2 collagen

What is an osteoblast?

differentiated fibroblast in bone,

what do osteoblasts produce?

T1 collagen, and hydroxyapatite (mineral that aids with structure, bone hardness, enamel)

mast cells help fight infection by releasing what two things?

histamine and heparin

Is a mast cell fixed or moving?

fixed but when there is an injury they move

What is a mesenchyme cell?

undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into any CT tissue cell

what are the 7 fixed connective tissue cell types?

Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, ostoclast, mast cell, adipose, mesenchyme

what is an osteoclast function?

breaks down and resorbs bone.

osteoclasts are derived from what cell?

monocyte

What is a monocyte?

White Blood Cell

Provide examples of what Collagen Type 1 creates

Tendons, bones, ligaments, skin, annulus fibrosis, menisci, fibrocartilage, joint capsule, cornea, labrum

Collagen Type 2 creates what type of cartilage?

hyaline/articular cartilage

Provide some examples of where collagen type 2 can be found

hyaline cartilage, nucleus pulposus, vitreous humor, end of bones (articular cartilage)

Collagen Type 3 is responsible for making up what 4 things

skin, vessels, tendon, ligaments

collagen type 5 is responsible for creating what one thing?

cartilagem tendons

Hyaluronate is often found in what 3 places?

synovial fluid, loose CT, and cartilage

FXN of hyaluronan

form large proteoglycan aggregates, shock absorption, fluid retention

what is the most abundant Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

Chondroitin sulfate

Where would you find chondroitin sulfate in the body?

places with increased compression ex: acetabular rim, where joint structures come together and there is load

Connective tissue is broken into what 2 main categories?

dense and loose

Loose connective tissue can be described as _________ and ______ like.

unstructured, mesh

dense connective tissue is split into what two categories?

irregular and regular

What connective tissue occurs in sheets, its fibers interlace to form a coarse tough felt work?

dense irregular

provide an example of a dense irregular tissue

fascia (fibrous sheet over muscle), and periosteum (connective tissue coat over bone

What connective tissue is organized fibrous tissues, are densely packed and lie parallel to each other?

dense regular

dense regular connective tissue forms a structure of that has great ______ strength?

tensile

bone, cartilage, tendon, and ligament are specialized tissues that fall under which connective tissue category?

dense connective tissue

loose connective tissue functions largely for participation in what?

the boys defense mechanism

connective tissue consists of what 3 main things?

cells (fixed or wandering), extracellular matrix (fibers and ground substance), fluids.

Function of connective tissue

provide the framework of support for a wide variety of tissues

why would a wandering cell migrate into connective tissue?

response to trauma

Extracellular matrix consists of what two things?

fibers, ground substance (macromolecules)

what 3 types of fibers would you find in the extracellular matrix?

collagenous, elastic, reticular fibers

what is in ground substance?

glycoproteins including proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

function of fixed connective tissue cells

produce and maintain the extracellular matrix material .

examples of fixed connective tissues cells

fibroblasts, chondrocyts/blasts, osteocytes/blasts

describe the formation of a chondroblast

chondroblast originates from a mesenchymal stem cell. so - mesenchymal stem cell will form a chondrocyte, which will then create a chondroblast.

fibroblast is the _____ state, and the fibrocyte is the _____ _____ state.

activated, less active

an Osteoblast is a __________ cell that is responsible for ______ formation.

mononucleate, bone

what produces osteoid?

osteoblasts

what is responsible for mineralization (hardening) of the osteoid matrix?

osteoblasts

osteoclasts _______ bone

resorb

as we become elderly our bone will increase/decrease osteoblast cells?

decrease, which will increase risk of fracture, decrease bone density

how many weeks does it take a bone to heal?

6-8

2 functions of wandering connective tissue cell.

allow self repair, protect tissues by providing inflammatory response

macrophages use ________ to aid in the immune system

phagocytosis

lymphocyte

type of wbc that is commonly found in the connective tissue and supports the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts

mast cells are an ________, and can cause _____ or ______ of airways and blood vessels.

anticoagulant, vasodilation, vasoconstriction

Leukocytes are derived from a cell in the bone marrow known as what?

hematopoietic stem cells

what determines the mechanical properties of the tissue thats found in the extracellular matrix?

protein fibers (collage, reticular and elastic fibers)

the ratio of cells to extracellular matrix establishes the _______ characteristics of the CT

physical

what is the principal and most abundant fiber of connective tissue?

collagen

reticular collagen/type 3 collagen is mostly what kind of connective tissue?

loose

chondroblasts cells secrete what?

extracellular matrix

heterotrophic ossification

when bone tissue develops in your soft tissue

Chondroblasts play an important role in __________ ____________ in particular __________ bone growth .

endochondral ossification, longitudinal

collagen fibril is like a rope in what way?

it has high tensile stiffness and strength but little resistance to compression

the basic unit of collagen fibril is ___________, which gives fibrils high tensile strength

tropocollagen

tropocollagen is shapes how?

spun dynamic 3 chain helix

there is more extracellular material in elastic ligaments for example the ______ ______ and _______

spinal cord, arteries

ground substance function in connective tissue

allows the transport and storage of many soluble substances, nutrients, lubricates

proteoglycans are important for _________ and _________

structure, function

glycosaminoglycans are long _______ ___________.

unbranched polysaccharids

tissue fluid is what?

filtrate of blood that resides in teh interstitial space of proteoglycans and GAGs

function of tissue fluid

aids in transport of materials between the capillaries and cells int eh extracellular matrix

via tissue fluid, oxygen and nutrients go from capillaries to cell via _______

diffusion

via tissue fluid, waste gets removed to venous system via ______ or _______ system

capillary, lymphatic

the bodys superstructure refers to what three things?

bone, cartilage, ligament

what is the hardest tissue in the body and can also be considered an organ?

bone

what are the 2 types of bone?

cortical (compact), trabecular (cancellous-spongy)

bone develops from ________ cells.

mesenchymal

bones have to first develop a _________ model which will then undergo _______ to become fully formed bone

cartilaginous, ossification

bone marrow is found where?

trabeculae

osteons are made up of circles called _________.

lamellae

lamellae are filled with ______ ______. they run in an _______ direction so they can resist torsion

collagen fibers, opposite

bone gets nourishment from the ______ ______.

central canal

between the layers of the lamella are tiny spaces called _________, which is where osteocytes are housed

lacunae

endochondral ossification zone 1: _________ mesenchymal cells are transported to the ossification center

undifferentiated

endochondral ossification zone 2: cartilage cells rapidly divide and line up lengthwise. this zone is responsible for most of the bones ________ growth

lengthwise

endochondral ossification zone 3: cartilage cells grow larger release _________, preparing the tissue to become bone

extracellular matrix

endochondral ossification zone 4: the cartilage matrix _______ as calcium is deposited (calcification)

hardens

endochondral ossification zone 5: the enlarged cartilage cells die leaving behind _____ _______

primary spongiosa