Development Theorists Quiz

According to ______, he viewed cognitive development as a process which occurs as a result of biological maturation and interaction with the environment.

a. Vygotsky

b. Piaget

c. Erikson

d. Bandura

b. Piaget 1

According to Erikson, development proceeds as a result of:

a. Biological maturation only

b. Cognitive maturation only

c. Social emotional processes

c. Social emotional processes

Vygotsky's theory is often criticized for minimizing the importance of culture and social interaction on cognitive development

a. False

b. True

c. Not applicable

a. False

One important contribution to Bandura's theory is his emphasis on:

a. Novel learning

b. Discovery learning

c. The role of language on cognitive development

d. Observational learning

d. Observational learning

This theorist focuses on development through reasoning and developing hypotheses without addressing learning of specific information.

a. Erikson

b. Vygotsky

c. Piaget

d. Gessell

c. Piaget 2

Vygotsky's theories stress which of the following:

a. Children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to learn

b. Cognitive development occurs as a result of biological maturation and interaction with the environment

c. Psychosocial stages encompass 8 distinct stages of personality development

d. The fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition

d. The fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition

Bronfenbrenner's theory acknowledges the importance of the interaction between factors in the child's maturing biology, his immediate family/community environment, and the societal landscape that fuels and steers an individual's development.

a. False

b. Not applicable

c. True

c. True

Which two theorists are involved in cognitive processes?

a. Bronfenbrenner and Erikson

b. Gessell and Bandura

c. Freud and Bowlby

d. Piaget and Vygotsky

d. Piaget and Vygotsky

Which theorist focuses on contextual perspective associated with development?

a. Piaget

b. Gessell

c. Erikson

d. Bronfenbrenner

d. Bronfenbrenner

This theorist identifies 5 levels of the environment that influence development of individuals

a. Piaget

b. Bronfenbrenner

c. Vygotsky

d. Gessell

b. Bronfenbrenner

This system represents how families interact with teachers, employees with bosses, friends with friends. It acknowledges the direct and indirect influences that bind us to one another, such as those that affect a mother who has a bad day at work and then is short-tempered with her son at home.

a. Microsystem

b. Exosystem

c. Macrosystem

d. Mesosystem

e. chronosystem

d. Mesosystem

It is the everyday, immediate environment of children's daily lives. Homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers are all influences. It's what we're directly involved in. The center of all the systems.

a. Microsystem

b. Mesosystem

c. Exosystem

d. Macrosystem

a. Microsystem

This system represents broader influences: societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and local media? (Things families are involved with that are indirect influences).

a. Microsystem

b. Mesosystem

c. Macrosystem

d. Exosystem

d. Exosystem

It represents the larger cultural influences, including society, types of governments, laws, customs, and values of culture/religion? For example, the value a culture places on education affects the values of the people who live in that culture.

a. Microsystem

b. Mesosystem

c. Macrosystem

d. chronosystem

c. Macrosystem

This system involves the way the passage of time--including historical events (such as 9/11) and more gradual historical changes (such as changes in the number of women who work outside the home) affect children's development.

a. Microsystem

b. Mesosystem

c. Macrosystem

d. Chronosystem

d. Chronosystem

According to Piaget, a ____ is a basic building block of intelligent behavior- a way of organizing knowledge and mental capacity and includes objects, actions and abstract concepts (mental representations- objects, actions; are stored so that we can retrieve them and apply in new situations).

a. Assimilation

b. Schema

c. Accommodation

d. Failure

b. Schema

When we use an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation, we are said to be using:

a. Assimilation

b. Schema

c. Accommodation

d. Failure

a. Assimilation

When an existing schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be changed based on the experience at the time, this is called:

a. Assimilation

b. Schema

c. Failure

d. Accommodation

d. Accommodation

This theorist was most concerned about "discovery learning." Experiences the child has revolves around constructing an understanding of their world and when discrepancies occur between what they know and what they discover.

a. Vygotsky

b. Erikson

c. Piaget

d. Bandura

c. Piaget 3

Application: When applying instructional concepts of "reciprocal teaching" teachers and students collaborate in learning and practicing 4 key skills: summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting. Over time, the teacher fades their role as students become more independent.

a. Piaget

b. Vygotsky

c. Erikson

d. Bandura

b. Vygotsky

Application: According to Piaget, the play of a child who is jumping on a bed, purely for the pleasure of jumping and mastering the skill is called:

a. A practice game

b. Non-functional play

c. A game with rules

d. Dramatic play

a. A practice game

Application: Which theorist are you following when providing a wide range of experiences in order for the child to actively construct new understandings based on their experiences?

a. Piaget

b. Vygotsky

c. Erikson

d. Bandura

a. Piaget 4

Application: Which theorist are you following when, For example, a child might be shown pennies to represent each sound in a word (e.g., three pennies for the three sounds in "man"). To master this word, the child might be asked to place a penny on the table to show each sound in a word, and finally the child might identify the sounds without the pennies. When the adult provides the child with pennies, the adult provides a scaffold to help the child move from assisted to unassisted success at the task (Spector, 1992).

a. Piaget

b. Erikson

c. Vygotsky

d. Bandura

c. Vygotsky

Application: A parent who allows a 2 to 4-year-old to dress herself in uncoordinated clothes (even cowboy boots with a bathing suit at the pool house!) is said to be allowing developmentally appropriate activities based on which stage of Eriksons psychosocial stages?

a. Initiative versus guilt

b. Industry v. inferiority

c. Autonomy v. shame

d. Basic trust v. mistrust

c. Autonomy v. shame

Application: An infant depends on the caregiver to be sensitive and responsive to his/her needs. A caregiver who is inconsistent with the infant's cues for hunger can cause increased distress. According to Erikson, which psychosocial stage has broken down?

a. Autonomy v. shame

b. Initiative versus guilt

c. Industry v. inferiority

d. Basic trust v. mistrust

d. Basic trust v. mistrust

Application: A 5 to 12 y/o child who is encouraged and develops a sense of pride in their accomplishments often develops feelings of competence and self-confidence. However, if the child is not encouraged an doubts his/her ability to be successful, he/she feels substandard. According to Erikson, which stage is the child in?

a. Basic trust v. mistrust

b. Autonomy v. shame

c. Initiative versus guilt

d. Industry v. inferiority

d. Industry v. inferiority

Application: A 4 to 5-year-old child who directs their own play, plays in imaginative and dramatic ways, and attempts to assert control over others is said to be within which stage of Eriksons psychosocial stages?

a. Initiative versus guilt

b. Industry v. inferiority

c. Basic trust v. mistrust

d. Autonomy v. shame

a. Initiative versus guilt

The task that an individual can accomplish or succeed only with the assistance of a more experienced person represents the learners:

a. Cognitive inconsistency

b. Learning opportunity

c. Opportunity for adaptation

d. Zone of proximal development

d. Zone of proximal development

Application: Which of the following would a therapist following Gesell's developmental/maturationist approach most likely do when assessing a child?

a. Evaluate the child's home environment and talk to the parents about their routines

b. Conduct a behavioral analysis to determine antecedents and consequences to a behavior.

c. Observe the child in his natural environment to better understand how it may pose as a barrier or support to development.

d. Compare child's motor and cognitive developmental skills to a normative sample of children

d. Compare child's motor and cognitive developmental skills to a normative sample of children

Application: When working with a 9-month-old, the therapist hides a toy under a blanket. The infant crawls to look for the object. What cognitive skill does this child demonstrate?

a. Inductive reasoning

b. Object permanence

c. Cause and effect

d. Abstract thinking

b. Object permanence

Application: In the 1960s people became concerned that children living in poverty had poorer school performance than children from more privileged backgrounds. A developmental theorist convinced a government planning committee that intervention for young children would be most effective if it involved not just the child but the family and community that comprise the child-rearing environment. Which theorist is this most likely to be?

a. Vygotsky

b. Jean Piaget

c. Erik Erikson

d. Urie Bronfenbrenner

d. Urie Bronfenbrenner

According to Erikson, what is the main developmental task of an adolescent?

a. To explore roles to develop a healthy identity

b. To resolve the conflicts experienced during the latency stage.

c. To develop abstract reasoning skills.

d. To form intimate relationships.

a. To explore roles to develop a healthy identity

Application: Which statement is congruent with Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development?

a. A child must resolve various identity crises throughout childhood in order to develop effectively.

b. While the environment impacts development, development occurs in predictable patterns based on neurodevelopment.

c. Children learn through practice and observation of those in their immediate social environment.

d. An inner-city family faces many challenges which an affluent family in a wealthy suburb does not, thus impacting a child's development.

d. An inner-city family faces many challenges which an affluent family in a wealthy suburb does not, thus impacting a child's development.

Application: You observe a child at a playground. You note that the child watches other children intently as they climb the ladders. After observing for a few minutes, the child climbs successfully. Whose theory best explains this behavior?

a. Piaget

b. Gessell

c. Bandura

d. Erikson

c. Bandura

Application: While watching a therapist interacting with a young child you observe the following: At the beginning of the session the therapist provides physical assistance for a child to complete an obstacle course. The next time through she gives the child verbal cues. What concept has guided the therapist in working with the child?

a. An adaptive response

b. Negative reinforcement

c. Scaffolding

d. Observational learning

c. Scaffolding

Gessell's theory is often criticized for minimizing the effects of heredity on physical and mental growth.

a. True

b. Not applicable

c. False

d. Don't know

c. False

One important study conducted by Bandura emphasized that children learn social behavior, such as aggression, when they observe it occurring. This experiment was called the:

a. Conservation experiment involving the quantity of liquid

b. Bobo Doll experiment

c. Surrogate mother experiment

b. Bobo Doll experiment

This stage of development includes the greatest achievement of object permanence:

a. Sensorimotor

b. Pre-operational

c. Concrete operational

d. Formal operational

a. Sensorimotor

This stage of development is noted for children's egocentrism or self-absorption. Their own viewpoint is easiest to understand versus the viewpoint of someone else.

a. Sensorimotor

b. Pre-operational

c. Concrete operational

d. Formal operational

b. Pre-operational

Application: If you ask a child what she would do if she had a "third eye," she might respond by saying things like "spy on my older brother" or "put it on the top of my foot so I could see under things." These answers indicate that the child is capable of:

a. Perspective taking

b. Reversibility

c. Concrete logic

d. Abstract thought

d. Abstract thought