BIOL 112 Ch. 29 PPT Notes

What are the first organisms in the transition to land?

* primitive cyanobacteria
* fungi
* primitive “protists”

What are the second organisms in the transition to land?

* small plants
* fungi

What is the third organism in the transition to land?

first animals

What were the fourth organisms in the transition to land?

tall plants

What is the fifth organism in the transition to land?

Tiktaalik (first vertebrate tetrapod)

What were the sixth organisms in the transition to land?

first amniotes

What were the seventh organisms in the transition to land?

first reptiles

What’s the big deal about bones?

* come from embryonic mesoderm (triploblastic)
* for muscle attachment
* structure and support
* protection
* blood cells come from red marrow cavities in flat bones
* source of calcium

Examples of bone protection in the human body

* cranium
* ileum
* ribs

Animals are called vertebrates because they get their name from ________

vertebrae

Vertebrae

series of bones that make up the backbone

The birds are with the

reptiles

Hagfish and lamprey are ______ taxa

sister

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are amniotes?

* mammalia
* reptilia

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are tetrapods?

* amphibia
* reptilia
* mammalia

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are lobe-fins?

* actinistia
* dipnoi
* amphibia
* reptilia
* mammalia

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are osteichthyans?

* actinopterygii
* actinistia
* dipnoi
* amphibia
* reptilia
* mammalia

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are gnathostomes?

* chondrichthyes
* actinopterygii
* actinistia
* dipnoi
* amphibia
* reptilia
* mammalia

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are vertebrates?

* myxini
* petromyzontida
* chondrichthyes
* actinopterygii
* actinistia
* dipnoi
* amphibia
* reptilia
* mammalia

Which groups in the phylogeny of living chordates are chordates?

* cephalochordata
* Urochordata
* myxini
* petromyzontida
* chondrichthyes
* actinopterygii
* actinistia
* dipnoi
* amphibia
* reptilia
* mammalia

What is the outgrip of the phylogeny of living chordates?

echinodermata

5 key characters of chordates

* notochord
* dorsal, hollow nerve cord
* pharyngeal slits or clefts
* muscular, post-anal tail
* endostyle

Endostyle is a

longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall which produces to gather food particles

The endostyle is homologous to the _________ in vertebrates

thyroid gland

thyroxin is produced by the

thyroid gland

Thyroxin deals with

metabolism

An endostyle is found in

urochordates and cephalochordates in the larva of lampreys

The notochord is a

longitudinal, flexible rod

Where is the notochord located?

between the digestive tube and nerve cord

What provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate?

notochord

Where does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop from

a plate of ectoderm

The nerve cord develops into the ________________ system which consists of what?

central nervous; brain and spinal cord

Dorsal means

towards the back

Functions of he pharyngeal slits

* filter-feeding
* mucus secretion

A lot of pharyngeal slits become _____

gills

Pharyngeal slits develop into parts of the ____________ in tetrapods

* inner ear
* head
* neck

The muscular, post-anal tail uses it’s elements for

defense

The tail is used in

* movement
* courtship rituals (tail feathers)
* defense (sharks/crocodilians are good)

Sea Lancelets are in the subphylum

cephalochordata

The notochord runs all the way up to their

head

____________ are named for their blade like shape

sea lancelets

Sea lancelets are _______ and they participate in marine burrowing

filter-feed

Tunicates are in the subphylum ________

urochordata

Tunicates are more closely related to other ________ than are lancelets

chordates

Tunicates are covered in

tunicin

Tunicin is an ____________ character

autapomorphic

When attacked sea squirts shoot water through their excurrent _________

siphon

Siphons are seen in

* sea squirt
* squid

Tunicates are highly derived and have fewer _______ genes than other vertebrates

Hox

Ho wmnay how genes do tunicates have and what were they supposed to have?

9; 13

You know a gene is a Hox gene when you see how many base pairs?

180

Evo-devo stands for

evolutionary developmental

Hox genes have everything to do with

* anterior/posterior
* venturel/dorsal
* segmentation

Hox genes usually look the same until the last couple _______ and then they change

weeks

Pax genes code for

tissue specific transcription factors

____ cells are undifferentiated

Stem

Chordates are __________ coelomates

deuterostome

Subphylums of phylum Chordata

* urochordata
* cephalochordata
* vertebrata

Tunicates larvae is

motile

Tunicates adults are ________ on the ocean floor

sessile

5 types of higher vertebrates vertebrae in order

* cervical
* thoracic
* lumbar
* sacral
* caudal

Vertebral numbers in order

* 7
* 12
* 5
* 5
* 4

Thoracic vertebrae look like

giraffe

Jawless fish are referred to as

cyclostomes

Jawed fish are referred to as

gnathostomes

These fish are what kinds of fish?

* ray-finned
* lobed-finned

bony fish

These fish are what kinds of fish?

* sharks
* rays
* skates

cartilaginous fish

Hagfish secrete _____ and are ______

slime; scavengers

______ have rows of teeth

Lamprey

Lampeys usually like to parasitize something way ________ than them

larger

Since hagfish are scavengers they have ports that excrete a substance…when the substance reacts with _______ it becomes a slime which is a what?

slime; great defense

Hagfishes are _________ vertebrates and use ________ as a defense

jawless; slime

Lampreys have __________ segments surrounding the notochord

cartilaginous

The evolution of jaws allowed vertebrates to ___________ food sources not to jawless fish, and allows the _____ and _____ of food sources

exploit;grasping;tearing

Bony fish are also known as

Osteichthyes

Cartilaginous fish is known as

chonrichthyes

Accentuation of teeth with the jaw is used for

biting and defense

There was a convolution of these two things for chewing

jaw and teeth

Sharks have ________ to help them hide

camouflage

______ are dominant predators of the ocean

Sharks

If you turn a shark over they are sort of momentarily __________, orcas do this to them

paralyzed

Sharks have a great sense of _______

smell

Ampullae of Lorenzini

detect electromagnetic fields of living things

Lateral line of sharks does what?

detects movement and vibrations in water

Lots of fish have evolved a _____________

streamlined shape

Sharks have a ____ digestive tract with a ridge called the ______

short; spiral valve

The spiral valve increases what?

digestive surface area

Acute senses of sharks

sight and smell

Shark eggs are fertilized ______ but embryos can develop in different ways

internally

Embryos development ways in sharks

* oviparous
* ovoviviparous
* viviparous

Oviparous

eggs hatch outside the mother’s body

Ovoviviparous

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

Viviparous

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

Viviparous is connected to

live birth

The reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into a common

cloaca

Cloaca

a common cavity at the end of the digestive tract for the release of both excretory and genitalproducts in vertebrates and certain invertebrates

Cloaca is present in some ____ and ____

condrictya; birds

Which systems empty into a cloaca?

* GI
* Reproductive
* Excretory

What is the excretory consisted of when it empties into the cloaca?

urine and fecal matter mixing together