A & P II - Chapter 22 - Respiratory System

Pulmonary Ventilation

How does the air enter the lungs

External Respiration

Gas exchange in lung tissue

Internal Respiration

Blood and body tissues

Internal Respiration maintains

ph

Upper airway

Air enters through nostril into nasal cavity when conencts to the pharynx

Nasal Vestibule

Most anterior region

Vibrissae

Nose hairs

Nasal Cavity

Contains nasal conchae (curled bony shells)

The Nasal conchae are seperated into

Superior Middle Inferior

Nasal Meatus

Indentation under each one of the conchae

Respiratory Mucosa

Line nasal cavity

Respiratory mucosa epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium,

Goblet cells

Make mucus

Olfactory Mucosa

in Superior Nasal Conchae

Olfactory receptors are present in the

Olfactory Mucosa

Where nasal cavity connects to pharynx

Choanae

Meatuses/sinuses

Warm the air. before it enters the pharynx

Maxillary Sinuses

Maxilla bones

Frontal sinuses

ForeheadS

Sphenoid Bone

Butterfly sinuses

Ethmoidal sinuses

Air spaces

Nasopharynx

Top 1/3 region of pharynx

The nasopharynx is

The space in top of the opening of the auditory tube

Auditory Tube opening

is draining the middle ear

Pharyngeal Tonsils are also known as

the adenoids

Pharyngeal tonsils contain 

B&T cells

Oropharynx

Middle 1/3 region of the pharynx

Palantine tonsils contain

B&T cells

Lingual tonsils are located

Under teh tongue

Hard palate

Top of tongue

Soft Palate

Back of tongue

Uvula

Hangs off the soft palate

Laryngopharynx

Bottom 1/3 region of pharynx

Larynx is located

anteriorly

Esophagus is located

posteriorly

Larynx

Voice box

Fold on top

Vestibular fold

The vestibular fold is known as the f

false vocal cord

Vocal fold

Bottom fold

The vocal fold is known as

True vocal cords that play a role in sound production

Thyroid cartilage

Sheild-shaped

Laryngeal Prominence

Central projection

Cricoid catrilage

Lower and further below

Corniculate cartilage 

sits on top of posterior

Arytenoid cartilage

Only on the posterior and is the small triangular

Ligaments

smaller

Membranes

are much large in size

The true vocal cords vibrate

as you breather

the epiglottis is

made of cartilage

Laryngeal Inlet

Where air will pass downwards

Glottis

Spack between true vocal cords

The trachea

has a lot of cartilage; is a rigid and soft structure

Layers of Trachea

Mucosa, Submucosa, Hyaline Cartilage, Adventitia

Mucosa

Composed of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Lamina propria is located in mucosa

Will always be made of areolar CT

Submucosa

Composed of areolar CT

Seromucous glands

Secrete mucus

Hyaline cartilage

Shaped like a letter C, support and reinforce the trachea

Adventitia

Outside; CT layer

Trachealis

Push wall of trachea forward and expands lumen of esophagus

Carina

Where the trachea splits

Initial air passageways

L&R main bronchis

Bronchus

SingularB

Bronchi

Plural

Comes off the primary

Lobar/secondary

2 on Left

3 on Right

Coming off of secondary

Tertiary

There is lots of 

cartilage around the bronchial tree

When air passageways become less than 1 mm,

they become bronchioles

Bronchiole

transports air into bronchiole

Visceral pleura

Covers the lungs

Parietal pleura

In between serous fluids

Cardaic Notch

Sits on the left inner lung where apex of heart sits

There are 300 million alveoli

which are the site of gas exchange in the lungs

Alveoli

help increase surface area for gas exchange

Simple squamous epithelium

Type I alveolar cells which are the most abundant

Type II alveolar cells

Secrete surfactant

Surfactant

creates a film around the alveoli to keep them open

Lung has

elastic CT

Alveolar capillaries

where gas exchange takes lpaces

the respiratory membrane is

very thin

Alveolar walls and blood capillaries are

Simple squamous epithelium

the o2 will diffuse

across the basement membrane of the alveoli

Boyle’s Law

Pressure will vary inversely w volume

Atmospheric pressure

760 mmHg, 1 atm

Inspiration

Skeletal muscles contract

Diaphragm accounts for

75% of the air entering the lungs

External intercostals

accounts for the other 25%

Lung volume increases so

Pressure in lungs decreases

Forced inhalation uses

Scalenes, pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid

on expiration

the muscles relax and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases with lung pressure increasing

Air will exit the lungs due to pressure changes

Intrapulmonary pressure is always higher than

intrapleural pressue to keep the lungs open

Transpulmonary pressure

the difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

Inhale and exhale is

500 ml - tidal volume

Airway resistance is dependent of

diameter of respiratory passageways

Bronchocontriction

Decreased; histamine

Bronchodilation

increased; epi

Surface tension

Attraction of liquid molecules at gas which is the liquid interface

Surfactant does not get developed until 

2 months before delivery