Mr. Sinn unit 2 ultimate study guide Ap psycology

Heredity

The passing on of different physical and mental traits from one generation to another

Charles Darwin

Created the theory of evolution by natural selection, where advantageous traits are passed on

Heritability

A measure estimating the variation in a population related to genes

Nervous System vs endocrine system

Nervous system uses neurons for fast, localized messages; Endocrine system uses glands for slower, widespread messages

Homeostasis

Body's ability to maintain internal stability

Nature vs nurture

Nature is genetics, biology; Nurture is environment, upbringing

Psychological Perspectives

Biological, Cognitive, Evolutionary (nature); Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, Sociocultural (nurture)

Epigenetics vs Brian plasticity

Epigenetics studies how environment affects genes; Brain plasticity is changes in brain structure in response to the environment

Action Potential

Neuron firing an electrical impulse down the axon

Permeability

Ability for ions to cross the membrane

Synapse

Space between neurons for message transmission

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger sent by neurons

Reuptake

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sending neuron

Agonists vs antagonist

Agonists increase effects of neurotransmitters; Antagonists minimize effects or block neurotransmitters

Brain Regions

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

Brain Lateralization

Different functions between brain hemispheres

Split-Brain Procedure

Done to treat severe epilepsy

Lesion Studies

Destroying brain parts to treat disorders or study functions

Neuroplasticity

Brain's ability to change or repair itself

Neuroplasticity

The ability for the brain to change, modify itself, or repair itself

Consciousness

When an individual is awake and aware of their external stimuli and their own mental activity

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Electrodes placed on the scalp to record electrical signals from neurons firing

CT (Computed Tomography)

Series of advanced x-rays used to locate brain damage, tumors, etc.

PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

Involves injecting radioactive glucose to track brain activity

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Provides detailed brain images using a strong magnetic field

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Shows real-time MRI images of the active brain

Circadian Rhythm

The body's biological clock regulating the sleep-wake cycle

Alpha waves

High amplitude, slow waves during relaxation

Beta waves

Low amplitude, fast waves during mental activities

Theta waves

Greater amplitude, slower waves during meditation and relaxation

Delta waves

Greatest amplitude, slowest waves during deep relaxation and sleep

Amygdala

A structure that is importance for emotion, threat/fear perception and memory. Tremporal lobe part of the lymbic system

Hippo campus

A structure that is involve in the creation of memories and learning temporal lobe part of the limbic system

Limbic system

A group of brain structures that are involved in emotion, learning, memory , and some basic drives.

Thalamus

A structure on the top of the brain stem serves as a relay station for impulses from the body to areas of the cerebral cortex

Auditory cortex

The part of the cortex that processes auditory information temporal lobe

Angular gyrus

An area of the brain involve in reading and writing lower parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

One of the four lobes of the brain primarily processes auditory information also is important in memory formation

Visual cortex

The part of the cortex that processes the visual information and send it to be further processes in other visual areas oocipital lobe

Occitpital lobe

One of the four main lobes contains areas that process visual information

Sensory hommuclus

A visual representation that shows how much brain area is devoted to the sensations of each body part showing how sensitive to stimuli they are

Somatosenory cortex

Part of the cortex that processes touch sensations in the parietal lobe

Parietal lobe

One of the four lobes of the brain involved in processing sensory stimuli

Motor Homunculus

A visual reprenstatition that shows how much brain area is devoted to the movement of each body part showing how complex the movements are.

Motor cortex

The part of the cortex that allows control of voluntary movement located in frontal lobe

Perfrontal cortex

Front part of the cerebral cortex where planning, emotional expression, and complex thought occurs frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

One of the four lobes of the brain involves in higher level thinking and motor functions

Corpus callosum

A tact of nerve fibers that runs longitudinally down the center of the brain and connects the two hemispheres

Cerebral cortex

A think layer of gray matter that covers the entire brain

Cerebrum

A general term to describe the brain not including the brainstem and cerebellum

Rectiular activating system

The part of the reticular formation that is specifically for arousal/alertness/sleep-wake cycles

Reticular formation

A collection of nerve fibers that tunnel through the brainstem that are involved with alterness and arousal.

Midbrain

Part of the brainstem that relays information for the visual and auditory systems and has motor and sensory tracts that go through it. Also contains the reticular formation and RAS

Spinal cord

Track of nerve fibers that connects the brain to the rest of the body

Brain stem

Contains the midbrain,pons,and medulla. Controls basic autonomic functions (breathing, heart rate, digestion, salvation)

Cerebellum

Enables smooth muscle movements, maintains, equalibrium.

Pons

Works with cerebellum to coordinate movement and helps coordinate sleep

Medulla oblongata

Controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Wernicke’s area

Responsible for the ability to comprehend speech and create meaningful speech. Temporal lobe

Broncas area

Responsibile for controlling the muscles needed to speek frontal lobe

Hypothalamus

A structure that controls the automatic functions of the body and works with the piurity gland to control hormones.

Neculus Accumbens

A structure that mainly functions in the pleasure/reward Cricut and reinforcing behaviors

Basal Ganglia

A structure that is involved with voluntary movement

1) Dendrites

Extensions of the cell body that revive chemical information from adjacent neurons through receptor sites

2) Neuclus

Contains genetic material including information for cell development and other structure that allow the neuron to function.

3) soma

this is the cell body that contains the nucleus and most organ cells

4) Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed which helps promote the continuing action potntial

5) Axon

The longest part of a neuron it carries information away from the soma to other cells.

6) myelin sheath

Insulating layer that increases how fast the action potential travels down the axon and protects the axon from damages.

7) Axon Terminal

This is at the end of the axon where neurotransmitters are realsead into synapse

😎 Schwann cells

Helps produce the myelin sheath