Knowt 4 - Stoichiometry

Balanced equation

Equation with equal atoms of each element on both sides

Chemical equation

Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

Coefficient

Number in front of a formula indicating relative amounts

Complete ionic equation

Equation showing all dissolved ions, including spectators

Molecular equation

Equation with reactants and products as neutral substances

Net ionic equation

Equation showing only ions that change, excluding spectators

Spectator ion

Ion that remains unchanged and maintains charge balance

Acid

Substance producing H₃O⁺ in water

Acid-base reaction

Reaction transferring a hydrogen ion between species

Base

Substance producing OH⁻ in water

Combustion reaction

Vigorous redox reaction releasing heat and light

Half-reaction

Equation showing electron loss or gain

Neutralization reaction

Acid-base reaction forming salt and water

Oxidation (LEO)

Increase in oxidation number by electron loss

Oxidizing agent

Substance causing oxidation while being reduced

Reduction (GER)

Decrease in oxidation number by electron gain

Reducing agent

Substance causing reduction while being oxidized

Oxidation number

Charge an atom would have in an ionic compound

Oxidation-reduction reaction

Reaction changing oxidation numbers

Precipitation reaction

Reaction forming insoluble products

Single-displacement reaction

Redox reaction where an element replaces another in a compound

Strong acid

Acid fully ionizing to produce hydronium ions

Strong base

Base fully ionizing to produce hydroxide ions

Weak acid

Acid partially ionizing to produce hydronium ions

Weak base

Base partially ionizing to produce hydroxide ions

Excess reactant

Reactant present beyond stoichiometric needs

Limiting reactant

Reactant consumed first, limiting product amount

Product

Substance formed in a reaction, on the right side of the equation

Reactant

Substance consumed in a reaction, on the left side of the equation

Stoichiometric factor

Ratio of coefficients for relating reactant and product amounts

Stoichiometry

Study of quantitative relationships in reactions

Actual yield

Measured amount of product formed

Percent yield

Efficiency as percentage of theoretical yield

Theoretical yield

Maximum product amount from stoichiometry

Solubility

Extent a substance dissolves in a solvent

Soluble

High solubility, dissolving extensively

Titrant

Known-concentration solution reacting with analyte

Percent Yield Equation

% Yield = (Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) x 100