INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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34 Terms

1

PSYCHOLOGY

- "the study of the soul," from Modern Latin psychologia.

- the science of behavior and mental processes.

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2

IMPERIAL EXAMINATION

- 2,000 years ago, Chinese rulers conducted the world’s first psychological exams, requiring public officials to take personality and intelligence tests.

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3

PLATO

Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nature in psychological development.

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4

ARISTOTLE

- Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nurture in psychological development.

  • pondered the seed of human consciousness and decided that it was in the heart, not the head.

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5

THOMAS HOBBES

his doctrine is that human behavior is directed by self-interest which is now known as psychological hedonism.

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6

RENE DESCARTES

- he was the first to write the concept of emotions and his famous quotation “I think therefore I am” elucidated his focus on the importance of cognition on the human experience.

-most known for his concept of dualism.

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7

JOHN LOCKE

-he considered personal identity (or the self) to be founded on consciousness (memory) and not on the substance of either the soul or the body.

- believes the environment shapes a child’s behavior.

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8

JEAN -JACQUES ROUSSEAU

- advocated strongly that in view of inherent potential, children should be facilitated and self learning is best way.

- disagreed from Locke and his model was called “nativism.”

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9

GUSTAV FECHNER

experimental psychologist who developed the idea of the just noticeable difference (JFD), which is considered to be the first empirical psychological measurement.

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10

CHARLES DARWIN

British naturalist whose theory of natural selection influenced the functionalist school and the field of evolutionary psychology.

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11

WILHEM WUNDT

German psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of structuralism.

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12

WILLIAM JAMES

American psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of funtionalism.

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13

IVAN PAVLOV

Russian physiologist whose experiments on learning led to the principles of classical conditioning.

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14

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS

German psychologist who studied the ability of people to remember lists of nonsense syllables under different conditions.

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15

SIGMUND FREUD

- Austrian psychologist who founded the field of psychodynamic psychology.

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16

EDWARD TITCHENER

American psychologist who contributed to the field of structuralism.

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17

JOHN B. WATSON

American psychologist who contributed to the field of behaviorism.

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18

SIR FREDERIC BARLETT

- British psychologist who studied the cognitive and social processes of remembering.

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19

JEAN PIAGET

- Swiss psychologist who developed an important theory of cognitive development in children.

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20

B.F. SKINNER

- American psychologist who contributed to the school of behaviorism.

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21

DONALD BROADBENT

- British cognitive psychologist who was a pioneer in the study of attention.

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22

MARY WHITON CALKINS

  • the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

- the study of memory and the self - concept.

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23

MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN

- the first women to earn a doctorate in psychology from Cornell University.

- the second female president of APA in 1921.

- her research focused on animal behavior.

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24

LETA STETTER HOLLINGWORTH

- focused her research on women and child development.

- disproved the prevailing belief at the time that female abilities were inferior to those of males, and that female abilities declined during menstruation.

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25

ANNA FREUD

- the daughter of Sigmund Freud, developed the basic concepts in the theoretical and practical approach to child psychoanalysis.

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26

STRUCTURALISM

Used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience.

• Wilhelm Wundt • Edward Titchener

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27

FUNCTIONALISM

Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess.

• William James

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PSYCHODYNAMIC

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior.

• Sigmund Freud • Carl Jung • Alfred Adler • Erik Erickson • Karen Horney

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29

BEHAVIORISM

Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself.

• John B. Watson • B.F. Skinner

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30

BIOLOGICAL

Focuses on the role of biology on human behavior and mental processes.

• Michael Gazzaniga

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31

HUMANISTIC

Emphasis is placed on the individual’s potential for personal growth.

• Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow

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32

COGNITIVE

The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments.

• Hermann Ebbinghaus • Sir Frederic Bartlett • Jean Piaget

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33

SOCIO-CULTURAL

The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior.

• Fritz Heider • Leon Festinger • Stanley Schachter

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34

EVOLUTIONARY

Focuses on adaptation and survival as the basis of behavior and mental processes.

• Charles Darwin • David Buss • Richard Dawkins Steven Pinker

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