INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY

- "the study of the soul," from Modern Latin psychologia.

- the science of behavior and mental processes.

IMPERIAL EXAMINATION

- 2,000 years ago, Chinese rulers conducted the world’s first psychological exams, requiring public officials to take personality and intelligence tests.

PLATO

Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nature in psychological development.

ARISTOTLE

- Greek philosopher who argued for the role of nurture in psychological development.

• pondered the seed of human consciousness and decided that it was in the heart, not the head.

THOMAS HOBBES

his doctrine is that human behavior is directed by self-interest which is now known as psychological hedonism.

RENE DESCARTES

- he was the first to write the concept of emotions and his famous quotation “I think therefore I am” elucidated his focus on the importance of cognition on the human experience.

-most known for his concept of dualism.

JOHN LOCKE

-he considered personal identity (or the self) to be founded on consciousness (memory) and not on the substance of either the soul or the body.

- believes the environment shapes a child’s behavior.

JEAN -JACQUES ROUSSEAU

- advocated strongly that in view of inherent potential, children should be facilitated and self learning is best way.

- disagreed from Locke and his model was called “nativism.”

GUSTAV FECHNER

experimental psychologist who developed the idea of the just noticeable difference (JFD), which is considered to be the first empirical psychological measurement.

CHARLES DARWIN

British naturalist whose theory of natural selection influenced the functionalist school and the field of evolutionary psychology.

WILHEM WUNDT

German psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of structuralism.

WILLIAM JAMES

American psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and helped develop the field of funtionalism.

IVAN PAVLOV

Russian physiologist whose experiments on learning led to the principles of classical conditioning.

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS

German psychologist who studied the ability of people to remember lists of nonsense syllables under different conditions.

SIGMUND FREUD

- Austrian psychologist who founded the field of psychodynamic psychology.

EDWARD TITCHENER

American psychologist who contributed to the field of structuralism.

JOHN B. WATSON

American psychologist who contributed to the field of behaviorism.

SIR FREDERIC BARLETT

- British psychologist who studied the cognitive and social processes of remembering.

JEAN PIAGET

- Swiss psychologist who developed an important theory of cognitive development in children.

B.F. SKINNER

- American psychologist who contributed to the school of behaviorism.

DONALD BROADBENT

- British cognitive psychologist who was a pioneer in the study of attention.

MARY WHITON CALKINS

• the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

- the study of memory and the self - concept.

MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN

- the first women to earn a doctorate in psychology from Cornell University.

- the second female president of APA in 1921.

- her research focused on animal behavior.

LETA STETTER HOLLINGWORTH

- focused her research on women and child development.

- disproved the prevailing belief at the time that female abilities were inferior to those of males, and that female abilities declined during menstruation.

ANNA FREUD

- the daughter of Sigmund Freud, developed the basic concepts in the theoretical and practical approach to child psychoanalysis.

STRUCTURALISM

Used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experience.

• Wilhelm Wundt • Edward Titchener

FUNCTIONALISM

Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess.

• William James

PSYCHODYNAMIC

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior.

• Sigmund Freud • Carl Jung • Alfred Adler • Erik Erickson • Karen Horney

BEHAVIORISM

Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself.

• John B. Watson • B.F. Skinner

BIOLOGICAL

Focuses on the role of biology on human behavior and mental processes.

• Michael Gazzaniga

HUMANISTIC

Emphasis is placed on the individual’s potential for personal growth.

• Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow

COGNITIVE

The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments.

• Hermann Ebbinghaus • Sir Frederic Bartlett • Jean Piaget

SOCIO-CULTURAL

The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior.

• Fritz Heider • Leon Festinger • Stanley Schachter

EVOLUTIONARY

Focuses on adaptation and survival as the basis of behavior and mental processes.

• Charles Darwin • David Buss • Richard Dawkins Steven Pinker