Colligative properties of solutions

What are colligative properties of a solution ?

Properties determined by the number or the mole fraction of components in the solution and are independent of the nature of the solutes and their molecular weights

Factors of solvents in colligative properties

Vapor pressure lowering

Boiling point elevation

Freezing point depression

Diffusion

Osmotic pressure

What are supercritical fluids

liquids and gases at temperatures and pressures above their critical points

What is phase transition

the absorption or liberation of heat and/or by a change in pressure at a constant pressure

What is vapor pressure?

pressure exerted by vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with the condensed phases ( solid or liquid ) at a given temperature in a closed system

Define volatile

A substance with a high vapour pressure at normal temperatures

How does vapour pressure increase

As the temperature of a liquid increases, the kinetic energy of its molecules also increases,

and as the molecules’ kinetic energy increases, the number of molecules transitioning into a vapour also increases,

thereby increasing the vapour pressure

The equilibrium vapour pressure is an indicator of the

evaporation rate of the liquid and relates to the tendency of particles to escape from the liquid ( or a solid)

The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water

is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the condensed state

Define Raoult’s law

The vapour pressure lowering is directionally proportional to the mole fraction of the solute

What kind of solution deviate from Raoults law ?

Non- ideal solutions

What is an ideal solution ?

No interactions between the components of the solution 

Define boiling point

heat at which a liquid turns into a vapour when it is heated to its boiling point

Normal boiling point means ?

temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure

What does the Boiling point elevation depend on?

concentration of the solution 

Define freezing point?

temp at which the solid and the liquid coexist and their vapour pressures are equal

Define Osmosis

A biophysical phenomenon occurring commonly in biological systems in which cells of a fluid compartment are separated by semipermeable membranes

Hydrostatic pressure equalizes solvent flow when there is a

net transfer of solvent molecules into a solution

Define Osmotic pressure

The pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop fluid movement when a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from pure water

Osmotic pressure in an ideal solution is affected

temperature and volume

Why are the colligative properties of electrolyte solutions smaller

due to the formation of ion pairs at higher concentrations

Osmosis helps the internal environment of the organism by…

stabilising the internal environment and balancing the levels of water and intracellular fluids

Osmolarity 

regulates solute concentration in and out of cells and aids in excreting excess water out of the body

Name the 3 types of solutions

isotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

Isotonic

equal concentration