Lecture 11 & 12: Locomotion I

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29 Terms

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Ambulation

Ancestral mammalian locomotion; walking on limbs in contact with ground.

<p>Ancestral mammalian locomotion; walking on limbs in contact with ground.</p>
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Appendicular skeleton

Bones of forelimbs and hindlimbs plus their girdles.

<p>Bones of forelimbs and hindlimbs plus their girdles.</p>
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Atlas

First cervical vertebra; articulates with skull and axis; enabling head nodding.

<p>First cervical vertebra; articulates with skull and axis; enabling head nodding.</p>
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Axis

Second cervical vertebra; allows head rotation.

<p>Second cervical vertebra; allows head rotation.</p>
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Caudal vertebrae

Vertebrae forming the tail (3-50, variable among mammals)

<p>Vertebrae forming the tail (3-50, variable among mammals)</p>
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Cervical vertebrae

Neck vertebrae; typically 7 in mammals.

<p>Neck vertebrae; typically 7 in mammals.</p>
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Claw

keratinized unguis covering terminal bone, supported by subunguis and pad.

<p>keratinized unguis covering terminal bone, supported by subunguis and pad.</p>
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Digitigrade

Walking on digits (toes); increases stride length (e.g., cats and dogs).

<p>Walking on digits (toes); increases stride length (e.g., cats and dogs).</p>
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Endurance

Ability to sustain activity over time; locomotor trade-off trait.

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Fulcrum

Pivot point of a lever; in the skeleton, a joint.

<p>Pivot point of a lever; in the skeleton, a joint.</p>
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Keratin

Tough protein forming protective structures like hair, nails, claws, and hooves.

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Lever

Rigid bar that rotates around a fulcrum; in animals, a bone.

<p>Rigid bar that rotates around a fulcrum; in animals, a bone.</p>
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Lumbar vertebrae

Vertebrae between thoracic and sacral regions; specialized for sagittal flexion/extension.

<p>Vertebrae between thoracic and sacral regions; specialized for sagittal flexion/extension.</p>
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Mechanical advantage (r/L)

Ratio of in-lever (muscle attachment) to out-lever (load distance): determines speed versus strength.

<p>Ratio of in-lever (muscle attachment) to out-lever (load distance): determines speed versus strength.</p>
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Muscle insertion

Site where muscle attaches to bone and applies force.

<p>Site where muscle attaches to bone and applies force.</p>
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Pad

Soft tissue at end of digit, providing cushion and traction.

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Parasagittal plane

Plane parallel to the body's sagittal axis; upright mammals limbs move within this plane.

<p>Plane parallel to the body's sagittal axis; upright mammals limbs move within this plane.</p>
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Pelvic girdle

Hip bones connecting hindlimbs to axial skeleton.

<p>Hip bones connecting hindlimbs to axial skeleton.</p>
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Pectoral girdle

Scapula & clavicle, connecting forelimbs to axial skeleton.

<p>Scapula &amp; clavicle, connecting forelimbs to axial skeleton.</p>
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Plantigrade

Walking with entire foot on the ground (e.g., humans, bears).

<p>Walking with entire foot on the ground (e.g., humans, bears).</p>
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Sacrum

Fused sacral vertebrae linking pelvis to spine; transfers hindlimb force to trunk.

<p>Fused sacral vertebrae linking pelvis to spine; transfers hindlimb force to trunk.</p>
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Sagittal flexion/extension

Bending movement forward and backward in the sagittal plane.

<p>Bending movement forward and backward in the sagittal plane.</p>
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Stability

Resistance to tipping or toppling; locomotor trade-off trait.

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Strength

Capacity to exert high force; locomotor trade-off trait.

<p>Capacity to exert high force; locomotor trade-off trait.</p>
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Subunguis

Softer keratin layer beneath unguis; blends with pad.

<p>Softer keratin layer beneath unguis; blends with pad.</p>
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Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae articulating with ribs; form rib cage; limited flexibility.

<p>Vertebrae articulating with ribs; form rib cage; limited flexibility.</p>
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Torque

Rotational force; product of muscle x lever arm strength.

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Unguis

Hard keratinized sheath covering the tip of a claw, nail, or hoof.

<p>Hard keratinized sheath covering the tip of a claw, nail, or hoof.</p>
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Unguligrade

Walking on the tips of digits (hooves); extreme cursorial adaptation.

<p>Walking on the tips of digits (hooves); extreme cursorial adaptation.</p>