Instrument APRB

PERSONAL DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR FLIGHT

Pilot Certificate

Medical certificate

Photo ID

AIRCRAFT DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR FLIGHT

Airworthiness certificate

Registration certificate

Operating limitations

Weight & Balance data

How to get a BasicMed

Bring form 8700 to a licensed state physician
Must have held an FAA medical after July 14th, 2006

Who can exercise the privileges of BasicMed?

Private Pilots acting as PIC
required flight crew member (such as safety pilot)
Flight instructors
Pilot Examiners

66 HITS

Within the preceding 6 months a pilot must have performed and logged:

6 Instrument approaches

1 hold, interception, and tracking using navigational electronic systems

Mandatory VFR Reporting Points

Missed Approach

Airspeed change +/- 10kts or 5% of filed airspeed whichever is greater

Reaching a holding point/fix. Report time and altitude

VFR on top

ETA change =/- 3 mins

Leaving a holding fix/point

Outer marker

Unforecasted Weather

Safety of flight

Vacating an altitude

Final approach fix

Radio/nav failure

Compulsory reporting point

500- unable to maintain a 500 fpm climb/decent

What happens after those initial 6 months expire?

You have an additional 6 months to regain currency by performing the “6 HITS” with a safety pilot.

What are the safety pilot requirements?

Holds at least a private pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class

A valid medical/BasicMed.

Have adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft.

Aircraft must have a dual control system.

What happens if those additional 6 months expire?

An Instrument Proficiency Check (IPC) is required. Administered by a CFII or DPE

Proficiency vs currency

Proficiency is a pilot's ability to fly skillfully and safely beyond legal minimums

Currency is the bare minimum needed by the FAA that legally allows the pilot to act as PIC

What makes a plane airworthy?

If you keep up to date with it’s AD’s and inspections

How long are AD’s valid for?

Each AD is different and one must adhere to its compliance time.

How long is an aircraft registration good for?

7 years

What inspections are needed

Annual

VOR (30 days)

100 Hour

Altimeter (24 months)

Transponder (24 months)

ELT (if the battery was run for more than 1 hour or 12 months)

Static (24 months)

Types of VOR checks

VOT checks

Dual receiver checks

Airborne checks

Ground checks

VOT Check error allowed?

Plus or minus 4

Dual receiver check error allowed?

4 degrees total

Airborne VOR check error allowed?

Plus or minus 6

Ground VOR check error allowed?

Plus or minus 4

KOEL

Kinds of equipment list

Produced by our manufacturer & approved by the FAA

Minimum list of equipment must be working for certain operations

For all make/models

General aviation

MEL

Minimum equipment list

Produced by the owner/operator & approved by the FAA

List of what equipment can be inoperative and not ground the plane

Specific to serial # and registration

Comprehensive equipment list

A document, typically found in an aircraft's Pilot Operating Handbook (POH), that lists all the equipment installed in the aircraft, including both required and optional items

What are PIREPS?

Pilot Reports

How can you file a PIREP

through ATC
Flight Service Station
Online through Aviation Weather Center (AWC)

AIRMETS

Moderate weather advisory

What are AIRMETS and how long do they last?

AIRMETS warn of moderate weather and last 6 hours

What kind of AIRMETS are there?

AIRMET S, T, Z

AIRMET S

IFR conditions or mountain obstruction

AIRMET T

Moderate turbulence or surface winds of 30 kts or more

AIRMET Z

Moderate icing

What are SIGMETS and how long do they last?

SIGMETS warn of severe weather and last 4 hours

What kind of weather phenomena are associated with SIGMETs?

Dust storms
Sandstorms
Severe Icing
Severe turbulence
Volcanic Ash

What are Convective SIGMETS and how long do they last?

Warn of severe convective activity and they last 2 hours

What kind of weather is associated with convective SIGMETs?

Surface Winds equal or greater than 50kts
Hail
Tornadoes
Thunderstorms

What is Windshear?

Abrupt, drastic change in wind direction or speed.

Where are Windshear Reports found?

On PIREPS or METARs

Where can you find Winds Aloft?

On Aviationweather.gov

Read this Winds aloft.

2109

Winds from 210 at 9 kts

Read this Winds aloft.

1819+13

Winds from 180 at 19 kts and 13*C temp

Read this Winds aloft.

773350

subtract 50 from “77” and add 100 to “33”. This will read as winds at 270 at 133 kts with a temperature at -50*C

Read this Winds aloft.

783658

subtract 50 from “78” and add 100 to “36”. This will read winds at 280 at 136 kts with a temperature of -58*C

Fronts

Are transition zones between two air masses of different densities. Can extend both vertically and horizontally

What is this and what weather is associated with this?

Warm front. Expect IFR conditions, steady precipitation, and overcast clouds (stratus clouds).

What is this, how does it move, and what kind of weather is associated with this?

Cold front.

It is fast moving, it shovels up the warm air and replaces it with cold air.

Expect bad weather, violent thunderstorms, and cumulonimbus clouds.

What is this and what kind of weather is associated with this?

Stationary front. Expect cloudy and rainy weather for a prolonged period of time until the front passes. Where the cold and warm front meet head on.

What is this and what kind of weather is associated with this?

Trough lines. Expect cloudy, possible rain, and gusty winds

What is this, how does it move, and what kind of weather is associated with this?

Occluded front.

Both warm and cold fronts are moving in the same direction

Expect cloudy with some rainfall immediately followed by a thunderstorm.

METAR

Meteorological Aerodrome Report

How often are METARs issued?

on the 55th minute of every hour

Special METAR? (SPECI)

reports issued when conditions warrant a more frequent update than the hourly routine METARs

TAF

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

How far can a TAF extend

5 NM from the airport

Rhime Ice

Milky white icing that forms when water droplets freeze immediately on impact with the aircraft. usually found on the leading edges of the aircraft

Clear Ice

Clear and glassy ice that forms on the airplane’s body and spreads unevenly, affecting its performance

Mixed Ice

A combination of rime and clear ice.

What is this?

OROCA (Off-route obstruction clearance altitude)

What is this?

Military Airport (Blue)

What is this?

MCA (Minimum crossing altitude)

What does it mean when an airport is green on the IFR low enroute chart?

Has an FAA Instrument Approach

What are these?

V Airways; relay on VOR

What are these?

T Airways; relays on GPS

What is this?

MRA (Minimum reception altitude)

Preferred route?

Expeditious movement of traffic during heavy demand periods and the reduction of traffic management initiatives and coordination.

TEC route

Standard IFR routes within designated areas, allowing pilots to fly within approach control airspace without needing to contact air route traffic control centers.

IFR cruising altitude rules

West even thousands and East Odd thousands

How do you close a flight plan at a towered airport?

Tower will close the flight plan for you

How do you close a flight plan at a uncontrolled airport?

Call Flight Service Station or appropriate ATC facility (i.e. departure)

What are NOTAMS

Notice to Airman

types of NOTAMs

NOTAM D
NOTAM FDC
Military NOTAM

NOTAM D

Domestic NOTAM. Airports and navigation facilities.

NOTAM FDC

Changes in procedures, regulations, and airspace. I.e. TFR

Military NOTAM

NOTAMs specific to military navigational aids and airports

Types of Departure Procedures

Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP) and Standard Instrument Departure (SID)

Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)

pre-planned routes that pilots follow from takeoff to the en-route phase of their flight

Obstacle Departure Procedure

Provides obstacle clearance only.

CRAFT

Clearance
Route
Altitude
Frequency
Transponder code

STAR

Standard Terminal Arrival. A transition between the enroute structure to a point where an approach to landing can be made

Types of approaches

ILS, LOC, RNAV, VOR,

What are the different kinds of RNAV approaches

LNAV, LNAV+V, LP, LPV, LNAV/NAV,

What approaches are non-precision approaches?

VOR, LNAV, LOC, LP,

What approaches are precision approaches?

LNAV/VNAV, LNAV + V, LPV, ILS,

What is clearance void time?

IFR clearance issued by ATC for departures from non-towered airports, specifying the latest time the aircraft must be airborne

What is a composite flight plan?

It is a flight plan that allows both IFR and VFR with specified points on which flight rules change.

When are alternate airports required?

if the destination airport 1 hour before and 1 hour after has less than 2000 ft ceilings, and less than 3SM visibility.

What requirements need to be met to list an airport as an alternate (Precision approach)?

600ft ceiling and 2SM visibility

What requirements need to be met to list an airport as an alternate (Non-precision approach)?

800ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility

What requirements need to be met to list an airport as an alternate (no instrument approach available)?

Ceiling and visibility must allow descent from MEA approach and landing under VFR

Weight and Balance

The distribution of an aircraft’s weight, crucial for safe flight. Must remain within limits for CG and total weight.

Forward CG

increases stall speed but enhances stability

Aft CG

Decreases stall speed but reduces stability and makes spin recovery more difficult.

Spins

An aggravated stall (both wings) resulting in autorotation.

Spin Recovery

Power idle, Ailerons neutral, Rudder opposite, Elevator forward.

Different kinds of Lost Com Procedures

Altitude (MEA) and Route (AVEF) and squawk 7600

Route - AVEF

Follow last Assigned, Vectored, Expected, or Filed route in that order.

Altitude - MEA

Fly the highest of: Minimum enroute, Expected, or Assigned.

Oxygen Requirements

Part 91.211

• Above 12,500 ft to 14,000 ft MSL: Crew needs oxygen after 30+ minutes.

• Above 14,000 ft: Crew must use oxygen

• Above 15,000 ft: Passengers must be provided oxygen

Precision Approach

An instrument approach with vertical and lateral guidance, such as an ILS. Ends at a DA (Decision Altitude).

Non-Precision Approach

Provides lateral guidance only (no glide slope). Ends at an MDA (Minimum Descent Altitude).

Missed Approach

Procedure followed if approach cannot be completed. Follow published missed approach instructions or ATC directions.

Circling Approach

A maneuver to align with a different runway after a non-precision or precision approach. Requires maintaining visual contact and staying within protected airspace based on aircraft category.