Honors Biology: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation

Cellular Respiration

The process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose. Converts food /glucose into usable (ATP) by the organism.

Aerobic respiration

Converting glucose into ATP in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, ETC, total of 36-38 ATP, Location: mitochondria

Anaerobic Respiration

Converting glucose into ATP without oxygen. Glycolysis & Fermentation. Location: cytoplasm

Alcoholic Fermentation

Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as yeast to recycle products of glycolysis. Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide made.

Lactic Acid Respiration

Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as bacteria to recycle products of glycolysis. Lactic acid made, Used in making cheese and yogurt

Glycolysis

First stage of anaerobic AND anaerobic cellular respiration. Breaks glucose down into two pyruvic acid (pyruvate) molecules, makes 2 ATP.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. Energy.

Mitochondria

Organelle found in all organisms that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Does not use oxygen

Aerobic Respiration

Uses oxygen

Fermentation

When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration.

Cytoplasm

Place where cells perform glycolysis & fermentation.

Definition of Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking the chemical bonds of glucose into energy (ATP).

Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + (ATP)Energy

Photosynthetic Equation

6H20 + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Location of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Reactants of Photosynthesis

6H20 + 6CO2

Products of Photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthetic Pigments

Chemicals that absorb light energy and use it to carry out photosynthesis. Contained in thylakoid membranes in chloroplast. Examples are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and phycobilins.

2 Reactions of Photosynthesis

Light Dependent Reaction
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

Adenosine Triphosphate

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work. (ATP)

2 ATP

Number of ATP produced by both Glycolysis & Kreb's Cycle - 4 ATP total

34 ATP

Maximum number of ATP produced by Electron Chain Transport

Electron Carriers

NADH and FADH2 - allow for electrons & protons to be used in a chain of reactions produce MUCH MORE ATP.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

2nd stage of respiration where 2 ATP, CO2 & electron carriers are made for 3rd step: ETC

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

3rd stage of respiration where electron carriers are used in a series of reactions along the membrane. Upto 34 ATP and H2O are made (O2 --> H2O)

light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH

Calvin Cycle

"DARK" reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build glucose (C6H12O6). No light used.

Glucose

C6H12O6 broken down in Glycolysis (cell respiration) to form 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP.

Thylakoids

Packed with Chlorophyll - Pancake shape. Where photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.

Granum

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Stomata

Small openings underside of a leaf where O2 comes out after its made and CO2 goes in.

Lactic Acid

Product of fermentation in many cells, causes the burning pain in muscle cells.

ethanol and CO2

What yeast produce through alcoholic fermentation.

NADH & FADH2

molecules that can carry high energy electrons through the electron transport chain.