Honors Biology: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation

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36 Terms

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Cellular Respiration

The process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose. Converts food /glucose into usable (ATP) by the organism.

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Aerobic respiration

Converting glucose into ATP in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, ETC, total of 36-38 ATP, Location: mitochondria

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Anaerobic Respiration

Converting glucose into ATP without oxygen. Glycolysis & Fermentation. Location: cytoplasm

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Alcoholic Fermentation

Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as yeast to recycle products of glycolysis. Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide made.

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Lactic Acid Respiration

Type of anaerobic respiration used by organisms such as bacteria to recycle products of glycolysis. Lactic acid made, Used in making cheese and yogurt

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Glycolysis

First stage of anaerobic AND anaerobic cellular respiration. Breaks glucose down into two pyruvic acid (pyruvate) molecules, makes 2 ATP.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. Energy.

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Mitochondria

Organelle found in all organisms that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration

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Anaerobic Respiration

Does not use oxygen

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Aerobic Respiration

Uses oxygen

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Fermentation

When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration.

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Cytoplasm

Place where cells perform glycolysis & fermentation.

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Definition of Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking the chemical bonds of glucose into energy (ATP).

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Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + (ATP)Energy

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Photosynthetic Equation

6H20 + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Location of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

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Reactants of Photosynthesis

6H20 + 6CO2

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Products of Photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Photosynthetic Pigments

Chemicals that absorb light energy and use it to carry out photosynthesis. Contained in thylakoid membranes in chloroplast. Examples are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and phycobilins.

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2 Reactions of Photosynthesis

Light Dependent Reaction
Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

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Adenosine Triphosphate

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work. (ATP)

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2 ATP

Number of ATP produced by both Glycolysis & Kreb's Cycle - 4 ATP total

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34 ATP

Maximum number of ATP produced by Electron Chain Transport

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Electron Carriers

NADH and FADH2 - allow for electrons & protons to be used in a chain of reactions produce MUCH MORE ATP.

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

2nd stage of respiration where 2 ATP, CO2 & electron carriers are made for 3rd step: ETC

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

3rd stage of respiration where electron carriers are used in a series of reactions along the membrane. Upto 34 ATP and H2O are made (O2 --> H2O)

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light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH

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Calvin Cycle

"DARK" reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build glucose (C6H12O6). No light used.

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Glucose

C6H12O6 broken down in Glycolysis (cell respiration) to form 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP.

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Thylakoids

Packed with Chlorophyll - Pancake shape. Where photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast.

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Granum

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

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Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

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Stomata

Small openings underside of a leaf where O2 comes out after its made and CO2 goes in.

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Lactic Acid

Product of fermentation in many cells, causes the burning pain in muscle cells.

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ethanol and CO2

What yeast produce through alcoholic fermentation.

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NADH & FADH2

molecules that can carry high energy electrons through the electron transport chain.