TExES Special Education EC-12 (161) Study Guide

Question 56: What is the purpose of AT trials?

A. Determine device effectiveness

B. Reduce district costs

C. Delay services

D. Replace evaluations

Correct Answer: A

device effectiveness

AT trials involve testing devices in natural settings before selection. This ensures tools match student needs and can be implemented effectively.

Question 6: Which law first mandated free public education for students with disabilities?

A. ADA

B. Section 504

C. ESSA

D. IDEA

Correct Answer: D

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) originally enacted as EHA in 1975, first mandated FAPE for students with disabilities. It requires schools to provide special education and related services at no cost to families, ensuring equal educational opportunities.

Question 12: A teacher uses visual schedules and sensory breaks. Which disability is this most likely supporting?

A. Traumatic brain injury

B. Autism spectrum disorder

C. Specific learning disability

D. Orthopedic impairment

Correct Answer: B

spectrum disorder

Visual schedules enhance predictability for students with ASD, reducing anxiety. Sensory breaks help regulate input, improving focus. These supports address core ASD characteristics like need for routine and sensory sensitivities.

Question 55: A teacher uses think-alouds during reading. This models:

A. Comprehension strategies

B. Handwriting

C. Math facts

D. Social skills

Correct Answer: A

strategies

Think-alouds model metacognition (e.g., predicting or questioning) during reading. Teachers verbalize thought processes to demonstrate how to derive meaning from text.

Question 77: Under IDEA, who qualifies as a parent" for educational decision-making?

A. Only biological parents

B. School-appointed advocates

C. Grandparents if child lives with them

D. Teachers acting in loco parentis

Correct Answer: C

if child lives with them

IDEA defines parents broadly to include biological adoptive foster or surrogate parents. Grandparents qualify if acting as primary caregivers. This ensures educational decisions involve those responsible for the child's welfare daily.

Question 85: Which co-teaching model has one teacher leading while the other observes?

A. Team teaching

B. Station teaching

C. One teach, one observe

D. Parallel teaching

Correct Answer: C

teach, one observe

In this co-teaching model, one instructor leads while the other collects data on student responses. Observations inform instructional adjustments and identify support needs without disrupting lesson flow.

Question 91: What does a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) replace?

A. IEP goals

B. Manifestation determination

C. Punitive discipline for disability-related behaviors

D. State assessments

Correct Answer: C

discipline for disability-related behaviors

BIPs provide proactive strategies for behaviors stemming from disabilities. They replace punitive measures with positive interventions, ensuring discipline does not discriminate under IDEA.

Question 104: What does the D" in FBA stand for?

A. Development

B. Disability

C. Diagnostic

D. Functional

Correct Answer: D

FBA stands for Functional Behavior Assessment. It analyzes behavior purpose by examining antecedents consequences and environmental factors to develop effective intervention plans.

Question 109: A student with cerebral palsy uses a communication device. Who should program it?

A. School nurse

B. Speech-language pathologist

C. Principal

D. Cafeteria staff

Correct Answer: B

pathologist

SLPs program and maintain AAC devices for communication. They train students and staff on use and customize systems to match language development needs.

Question 116: Which term describes reducing support as skills improve?

A. Prompting

B. Fading

C. Shaping

D. Chaining

Correct Answer: B

Fading gradually reduces prompts to promote independence. It transfers skill control from teacher support to student mastery through systematic cue reduction.

Question 117: What is required for assistive technology under IDEA?

A. Parent funding

B. Consideration in IEP

C. Teacher certification

D. State approval

Correct Answer: B

in IEP

IDEA requires IEP teams to consider assistive technology for all students with disabilities. If needed, devices or services must be provided at no cost to families.

Question 126: What is the purpose of a communication log?

A. Track teacher vacations

B. Document home-school collaboration

C. Record grades

D. Monitor cafeteria meals

Correct Answer: B

home-school collaboration

Communication logs record academic updates, behavior, and health concerns. They facilitate consistent strategies between environments and strengthen parent-teacher partnerships.

Question 127: A student has seizures but no academic impact. Which plan applies?

A. IEP

B. 504 plan

C. Medical waiver

D. No services needed

Correct Answer: B

plan

Section 504 covers health conditions like epilepsy impacting major life activities. Accommodations include seizure protocols or rest breaks without requiring specialized instruction.

Question 133: A student with oppositional defiant disorder argues. Teacher should:

A. Engage in power struggle

B. Offer limited choices

C. Send home immediately

D. Ignore all behaviors

Correct Answer: B

limited choices

Choices within limits reduce power struggles with ODD. Framing directives as options preserves autonomy while ensuring compliance.

Question 141: What does LRE stand for?

A. Limited Resource Education

B. Least Restrictive Environment

C. Localized Reading Evaluation

D. Low Ratio Engagement

Correct Answer: B

Restrictive Environment

LRE ensures students learn with nondisabled peers maximally. Removal requires justification that general education cannot meet needs despite supports.

Question 4: What does Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) measure under NCLB?

A. Individual student growth in special education

B. School/district progress in reading, math, and graduation/attendance

C. Teacher effectiveness ratings

D. Reduction in special education referrals

Correct Answer: B

progress in reading, math, and graduation/attendance

AYP under NCLB measured annual school/district progress in core areas, with sanctions for repeated failure. It did not assess individual growth, teacher effectiveness, or referral rates.

Question 11: What is the ARD committee's primary role in Texas?

A. Develop IEPs and determine placements

B. Provide direct special education instruction

C. Administer statewide standardized tests

D. Evaluate general education teacher performance

Correct Answer: A

IEPs and determine placements

The Admission, Review, and Dismissal (ARD) committee—including parents, educators, and the student when appropriate—develops, reviews, and revises IEPs and placements. It doesn't provide instruction (B) or evaluate staff (D).

Question 16: What does FAPE stand for in special education?

A. Fair and Appropriate Public Education

B. Free and Appropriate Public Education

C. Functional and Adaptive Public Education

D. Federal and Approved Public Education

Correct Answer: B

and Appropriate Public Education

FAPE guarantees eligible students receive tailored special education/services at no cost. Fair"" (A)" Functional (C) and "Federal" (D) are incorrect expansions.

Question 38: Teaching money management to a student with intellectual disabilities targets:

A. Academic skills

B. Functional skills

C. Social studies content

D. Extracurricular development

Correct Answer: B

skills

Money management supports daily living independence, a functional skill. Academic skills (A) are content-based; social studies (C) is academic; recreation (D) is separate.

Question 46: Educating students with disabilities in general classrooms is:

A. Mainstreaming

B. Inclusion

C. Segregation

D. Resource placement

Correct Answer: B

Inclusion educates students with disabilities in general classrooms with supports. Mainstreaming (A) may involve partial inclusion; segregation (C) and resource rooms (D) are more restrictive.

Question 47: An IFSP primarily serves:

A. School-aged children with IEPs

B. Infants/toddlers with delays and families

C. Transition-age students (16+)

D. Students with emotional disturbance

Correct Answer: B

with delays and families

IFSPs (IDEA Part C) focus on early intervention for 0-3-year-olds, emphasizing family needs. IEPs (A) serve school-aged children; transition (C) starts later.

Question 57: Response to Intervention (RTI) identifies/supports students through:

A. Special education without evaluation

B. Tiered instructional interventions

C. IEP replacement

D. Teacher evaluation

Correct Answer: B

instructional interventions

RTI uses tiers of increasing support (Tier 1: universal; Tier 3: intensive) to address learning difficulties before special education referral. It doesn't replace IEPs (C).

Question 74: A Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) aims to:

A. Apply punitive measures

B. Teach/reinforce appropriate behaviors

C. Document behaviors for expulsion

D. Eliminate special education needs

Correct Answer: B

appropriate behaviors

BIPs use positive strategies (e.g., reinforcement, skill instruction) to address behavioral functions identified in FBAs. Punishment (A) or expulsion (C) aren't primary goals.

Question 85: Which assessment identifies phonological processing deficits for dyslexia?

A. Standardized achievement test

B. Comprehensive phonological battery

C. Social-emotional questionnaire

D. Visual-motor integration test

Correct Answer: B

phonological battery

Tests like CTOPP measure phonological awareness, memory, and naming to diagnose dyslexia. IQ tests (A) or social scales (C) don't specifically assess this.

Question 104: Which example qualifies as supplementary aids and services?

A. Homebound instruction

B. Special education self-contained classroom

C. Communication board in general classroom

D. Exclusion from field trips

Correct Answer: C

board in general classroom

Communication boards enable participation in general education as supplementary aids. Homebound (A) or self-contained settings (B) are placements, not supplementary supports.

Question 109: Learning to use a debit card targets which skill domain?

A. Algebraic reasoning

B. Functional mathematics

C. Scientific inquiry

D. Historical analysis

Correct Answer: B

mathematics

Debit card use applies math to real-life money management. Algebraic reasoning (A) is abstract and not context-based.

Question 112: A BIP must include:

A. Medical history documentation

B. Strategies to teach positive behaviors

C. Parent employment records

D. State ranking comparisons

Correct Answer: B

to teach positive behaviors

BIPs must include evidence-based interventions to develop replacement skills. Medical history (A) or state rankings (D) are irrelevant.

Question 128: Standards-based IEP goals for alternate assessment students must:

A. Reference below-grade-level standards

B. Link to enrolled grade-level TEKS

C. Use preschool benchmarks

D. Ignore state standards

Correct Answer: B

to enrolled grade-level TEKS

Alternate assessment students' goals must still reference grade-level TEKS to maintain standards. Below-grade standards (A) violate requirements.

Question 129: Preferential seating is a:

A. Supplementary aid

B. Related service

C. Modification

D. Placement option

Correct Answer: A

aid

Preferential seating enhances access to instruction without changing content. Modifications (C) alter learning expectations.

Question 137: Data collection in BIPs measures:

A. Intervention effectiveness

B. Parent satisfaction

C. District funding levels

D. School aesthetics

Correct Answer: A

effectiveness

BIP data tracks behavioral progress to adjust strategies. Parent satisfaction (B) or funding (C) aren't primary purposes.

Question 20: Which term describes teaching students with disabilities in general education classrooms?

A. Mainstreaming

B. Segregation

C. Inclusion

D. Tracking

Correct Answer: C

Inclusion educates students with disabilities in general classrooms with appropriate supports. It emphasizes belonging and access to curriculum, differing from mainstreaming which places students part-time without specialized support.

Question 32: What is required before a functional behavior assessment?

A. Manifestation determination

B. Written parent consent

C. Three office referrals

D. ARD committee meeting

Correct Answer: B

parent consent

FBAs require parental consent under IDEA as they involve data collection and possible placement changes. Consent ensures parent participation in behavioral planning and protects procedural rights.

Question 38: What is the primary purpose of progress monitoring?

A. Report to parents

B. Evaluate teacher effectiveness

C. Inform instructional decisions

D. Comply with state regulations

Correct Answer: C

instructional decisions

Progress monitoring measures response to intervention through frequent data collection. Teachers adjust instruction based on trends, ensuring goals are met. Required for IEP goals and RTI implementations.

Question 45: Which disability category includes ADHD?

A. Specific Learning Disability

B. Emotional Disturbance

C. Other Health Impairment

D. Speech Impairment

Correct Answer: C

Health Impairment

OHI includes conditions like ADHD that limit strength, energy, or alertness. Eligibility requires educational impact despite adapted instruction. Accommodations may include movement breaks or organizational supports.

Question 58: What must an IEP include for students with limited English proficiency?

A. Bilingual evaluation

B. Language proficiency assessment

C. ESL services

D. Language needs consideration

Correct Answer: D

needs consideration

IEPs must address language needs for English learners with disabilities. Teams consider language proficiency during evaluations, service planning, and progress monitoring to ensure meaningful access.

Question 84: What must an IEP include for English learners?

A. Bilingual teacher assignment

B. Language needs consideration

C. ESL certification details

D. Native language testing

Correct Answer: B

needs consideration

IEPs must address language needs for English learners with disabilities. Teams consider proficiency during goal-setting, service planning, and progress monitoring to ensure meaningful access.

Question 86: What is the primary purpose of ESY services?

A. Accelerate learning

B. Prevent skill regression

C. Provide childcare

D. Prepare for state tests

Correct Answer: B

skill regression

ESY services prevent significant regression of critical skills during extended breaks. Eligibility is determined by ARD committees based on data showing limited recoupment ability.

Question 97: Which strategy uses physical guidance?

A. Modeling

B. Hand-over-hand prompting

C. Verbal cues

D. Visual schedules

Correct Answer: B

prompting

Hand-over-hand physical guidance teaches skills through direct motor assistance. This prompting strategy gradually fades as students gain independence in task performance.

Question 101: Which accommodation changes test presentation?

A. Extended time

B. Separate setting

C. Oral administration

D. Calculator use

Correct Answer: C

administration

Oral administration presents test content verbally, changing presentation format. This accommodation maintains learning standards while addressing reading or attention barriers.

Question 109: Which approach uses multiple sensory pathways?

A. Cooperative learning

B. Multisensory instruction

C. Inquiry-based learning

D. Project-based learning

Correct Answer: B

instruction

Multisensory teaching engages visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile pathways simultaneously. It enhances memory and understanding for diverse learners, especially those with dyslexia.

Question 133: Which assessment uses real-world tasks?

A. Standardized test

B. Authentic assessment

C. Norm-referenced test

D. Screening inventory

Correct Answer: B

assessment

Authentic assessments evaluate skills through real-world tasks like projects or portfolios. They provide meaningful data on functional application beyond standardized tests.

Question 22: Progress monitoring for BIP effectiveness must occur:

A. Annually

B. Only after incidents

C. Quarterly at minimum

D. During state testing

Correct Answer: C

at minimum

BIP effectiveness must be monitored regularly through data collection. Teams review progress quarterly to determine if adjustments are needed for behavioral and academic success.

Question 23: For students with autism, which AT addresses sensory needs?

A. Communication app

B. Sensory integration tools

C. Page turner

D. Magnification device

Correct Answer: B

integration tools

Sensory AT like weighted blankets or fidgets helps students with autism regulate input. These tools reduce anxiety and improve focus during instructional activities.

Question 39: What must happen if AT services are discontinued?

A. IEP team reevaluation

B. Parent lawsuit

C. State approval

D. Teacher training

Correct Answer: A

team reevaluation

AT discontinuation requires IEP team review to determine if changes affect FAPE. Data must show the device is no longer needed for educational benefit.

Question 59: What is a key feature of high-tech AT?

A. Low cost

B. Electronic components

C. Simple operation

D. No training needed

Correct Answer: B

components

High-tech AT includes sophisticated devices like speech-generating systems or computer controls. These require power sources and specialized training for operation.

Question 75: Which BIP strategy modifies the environment?

A. Rearranging furniture

B. Counseling sessions

C. Medication

D. Suspension

Correct Answer: A

furniture

Environmental modifications reduce behavioral triggers. Examples include defined spaces, reduced distractions, and accessible materials to prevent challenges.

Question 93: Professional boundaries require educators to:

A. Socialize with students outside school

B. Avoid dual relationships

C. Accept expensive gifts

D. Share personal problems

Correct Answer: B

dual relationships

Professional boundaries prevent conflicts of interest. Educators avoid personal relationships that compromise objectivity or create favoritism.

Question 96: Which activity represents Bloom's Application?

A. Listing state capitals

B. Using a math formula to solve word problems

C. Comparing government systems

D. Writing a poem

Correct Answer: B

a math formula to solve word problems

Application involves practical use of knowledge. Students apply learned procedures to solve real-world problems or demonstrate skills.

Question 119: Which action improves the special education profession?

A. Hoarding resources

B. Presenting at conferences

C. Avoiding research

D. Isolating from colleagues

Correct Answer: B

at conferences

Sharing expertise advances the profession. Presenting research or best practices contributes to collective knowledge and improves educational quality.

Question 120: FERPA violations may occur when:

A. Securing student records

B. Sharing progress with authorized staff

C. Discussing confidential information publicly

D. Obtaining parental consent for records

Correct Answer: C

confidential information publicly

FERPA violations occur when sharing personally identifiable student information without consent. Exceptions exist only for authorized educational purposes.

Question 1: Which IDEA principle ensures schools cannot exclude any student with a disability from public education?

A. Appropriate Education

B. Least Restrictive Environment

C. Zero Reject

D. Procedural Due Process

Correct Answer: C

Reject

The Zero Reject principle in IDEA mandates that public schools must educate all students with disabilities without exclusion. This ensures every child receives FAPE regardless of disability severity. Schools cannot deny services based on perceived inability to benefit or behavioral issues, aligning with anti-discrimination laws.

Question 2: What does the IDEA principle of Nondiscriminatory Evaluation require?

A. Standardized tests only

B. Evaluations in the student's native language

C. Parental consent waivers

D. Annual reassessments

Correct Answer: B

in the student's native language

Nondiscriminatory Evaluation under IDEA requires assessments to be unbiased and administered in the student's primary language. This prevents misidentification by considering cultural and linguistic factors. Evaluations must use varied tools to accurately determine disability presence and educational needs.

Question 3: Under IDEA, what must an Appropriate Education provide for a student with disabilities?

A. Services matching the school's resources

B. Education tailored to the student's needs

C. Placement in general education only

D. Minimum 5 hours of therapy weekly

Correct Answer: B

tailored to the student's needs

Appropriate Education requires schools to develop IEPs customized to the student's unique needs. This includes specialized instruction, related services, and accommodations to ensure meaningful academic progress. The education must provide educational benefit, not necessarily maximize potential.

Question 4: The Least Restrictive Environment principle requires that students with disabilities:

A. Attend special schools

B. Have separate classrooms

C. Learn with nondisabled peers when possible

D. Receive homebound instruction

Correct Answer: C

with nondisabled peers when possible

Least Restrictive Environment requires students with disabilities to be educated alongside nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate. Removal occurs only when general education cannot meet needs despite supports. This promotes social and academic inclusion.

Question 5: Procedural Due Process under IDEA allows parents to:

A. Waive IEP meetings

B. Request mediation or court hearings

C. Choose teachers

D. Delay evaluations

Correct Answer: B

mediation or court hearings

Procedural Due Process safeguards parents' rights to challenge school decisions through mediation or impartial hearings. This ensures disputes over identification, evaluation, or placement are resolved fairly. Parents can present evidence and obtain independent evaluations.

Question 7: A student with dyslexia struggles with phonemic awareness. Which instructional approach is most effective?

A. Whole-language only

B. Multisensory structured literacy

C. Sight-word memorization

D. Unstructured reading time

Correct Answer: B

structured literacy

Multisensory structured literacy (e.g., Orton-Gillingham) explicitly teaches phonemic awareness using visual, auditory, and kinesthetic methods. This approach is research-based for dyslexia, addressing decoding and encoding deficits through systematic phonics instruction.

Question 8: What is the primary purpose of a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?

A. Diagnose medical conditions

B. Identify causes of challenging behaviors

C. Determine IQ scores

D. Assign disciplinary actions

Correct Answer: B

causes of challenging behaviors

FBA analyzes the function of behaviors by examining antecedents, behaviors, and consequences. It identifies why behaviors occur to develop effective Behavior Intervention Plans. Data collection includes observations and interviews.

Question 9: A 10-year-old student with autism has limited verbal communication. Which AAC tool is most appropriate?

A. Printed flashcards

B. PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System)

C. Text-to-speech software

D. Braille writer

Correct Answer: B

(Picture Exchange Communication System)

PECS uses picture cards to develop functional communication for nonverbal students. It teaches spontaneous social interactions and reduces frustration. PECS is evidence-based for autism, promoting language development before transitioning to other AAC if needed.

Question 10: Which accommodation is appropriate for a student with ADHD during testing?

A. Reduced content

B. Extended time

C. Oral grading

D. Peer assistance

Correct Answer: B

time

Extended time accommodates ADHD-related processing speed and focus challenges. It allows students to demonstrate knowledge without time pressure. This is a common IEP/504 accommodation not altering test content.

Question 11: What must an IEP include for a 16-year-old student under IDEA?

A. Medical history

B. Transition services

C. Parent occupation

D. Sports eligibility

Correct Answer: B

services

IDEA mandates transition services in IEPs by age 16, focusing on post-secondary education, employment, and independent living. Goals are based on student strengths and interests, involving agencies if needed.

Question 13: What does the term present levels of performance" refer to in an IEP?

A. State test rankings

B. Current academic/functional abilities

C. Grade-level standards

D. Teacher qualifications

Correct Answer: B

academic/functional abilities

Present levels describe the student's skills and needs forming the IEP foundation. They include academic achievement functional performance and how the disability affects involvement in general education. Goals and services are derived from this data.

Question 14: Which setting is considered most restrictive under LRE?

A. General education class with supports

B. Resource room

C. Self-contained classroom

D. Residential facility

Correct Answer: D

facility

Residential facilities are most restrictive due to 24-hour care outside home/community. LRE prioritizes less restrictive settings first. This placement is only considered when necessary for therapeutic or medical needs.

Question 15: A student with an emotional disturbance elopes from class. What should the teacher do first?

A. Assign detention

B. Implement the behavior intervention plan

C. Call police

D. Modify curriculum

Correct Answer: B

the behavior intervention plan

BIPs are proactive strategies for dangerous behaviors like elopement. Immediate implementation ensures safety and consistency. The plan likely includes de-escalation techniques and prevention measures specific to the student.

Question 16: What is the main purpose of response to intervention (RTI)?

A. Replace special education evaluations

B. Provide early academic/behavioral support

C. Assign students to gifted programs

D. Reduce teacher workload

Correct Answer: B

early academic/behavioral support

RTI uses tiered interventions (e.g., Tier 2 small groups) to support struggling students before special education referral. It identifies learning gaps through progress monitoring and data-based decisions.

Question 17: Which related service supports motor skill development?

A. Speech therapy

B. Physical therapy

C. Counseling

D. Orientation training

Correct Answer: B

therapy

Physical therapy improves mobility, strength, and coordination for students with motor delays. Services include exercises, adaptive equipment training, and environmental modifications to access education.

Question 18: A teacher notices a student making letter reversals. This may indicate:

A. Dysgraphia

B. Dyscalculia

C. Intellectual disability

D. Hearing impairment

Correct Answer: A

Letter reversals are common in dysgraphia, a learning disability affecting written expression. It involves difficulties with spelling, handwriting, and organizing thoughts on paper, not due to intellectual deficits.

Question 19: Under Section 504, schools must provide:

A. Specialized instruction

B. Reasonable accommodations

C. IEPs

D. Residential placement

Correct Answer: B

accommodations

Section 504 requires accommodations like preferential seating or extended time to ensure equal access. Unlike IDEA, it doesn't mandate specialized instruction but covers all disabilities substantially limiting major life activities.

Question 20: What is a key ethical responsibility of special education teachers?

A. Share student records publicly

B. Maintain confidentiality

C. Prioritize administrative preferences

D. Limit parental involvement

Correct Answer: B

confidentiality

Ethical standards require protecting student records under FERPA. Confidentiality builds trust with families and prevents discrimination. Sharing information only occurs with authorized personnel for educational purposes.

Question 21: Which assessment is curriculum-based and measures progress?

A. IQ test

B. CBM (Curriculum-Based Measurement)

C. Adaptive behavior scale

D. Projective personality test

Correct Answer: B

(Curriculum-Based Measurement)

CBM assesses basic skills (e.g., reading fluency) using short, standardized probes. It measures growth frequently to inform instruction and intervention effectiveness, aligning directly with curriculum.

Question 22: A student with Down syndrome needs support in life skills. Which domain should the IEP prioritize?

A. Advanced algebra

B. Functional academics

C. Foreign language

D. Standardized test prep

Correct Answer: B

academics

Functional academics teach practical skills like money management and reading schedules. For students with Down syndrome, this promotes independence in daily living and post-school environments.

Question 23: What is required before initiating a special education evaluation?

A. Parental consent

B. Teacher nomination

C. Principal approval

D. Student agreement

Correct Answer: A

consent

IDEA requires written parental consent before initial evaluations. This ensures understanding of assessment purposes and procedures. Schools must provide prior written notice in the parent's native language.

Question 24: Co-teaching involves:

A. General and special educators sharing instruction

B. Only special educators teaching

C. Students teaching peers

D. Virtual classes only

Correct Answer: A

and special educators sharing instruction

Co-teaching involves collaborative teaching in inclusive classrooms. Models include team teaching or station rotation. It benefits diverse learners by combining expertise without segregation.

Question 25: A student uses a wheelchair. Which physical barrier violates IDEA?

A. Stairs-only building access

B. Extended test time

C. Audio textbooks

D. Preferential seating

Correct Answer: A

building access

Physical barriers like stairs deny FAPE by limiting participation. Schools must provide accessible facilities under IDEA and ADA. Accommodations like ramps or elevators are legally required.

Question 26: Manifestation determination reviews are required when:

A. Changing IEP goals

B. A student with disabilities faces long-term suspension

C. Transition planning

D. Requesting related services

Correct Answer: B

student with disabilities faces long-term suspension

Manifestation determination reviews decide if behavior is disability-related. If yes, the IEP team revises supports instead of expulsion. This protects students from unfair disciplinary removal.

Question 27: Which strategy supports students with executive functioning deficits?

A. Open-ended assignments

B. Chunking assignments

C. No deadlines

D. Group grades

Correct Answer: B

assignments

Chunking breaks tasks into smaller steps, reducing cognitive load. This supports executive functioning by improving task initiation and completion. It is often paired with visual organizers.

Question 28: What is the primary focus of early intervention services?

A. College readiness

B. Minimizing developmental delays

C. Standardized testing

D. Social promotion

Correct Answer: B

developmental delays

Early intervention (Part C of IDEA) serves infants/toddlers with delays. Services like therapy enhance cognitive, physical, and social development during critical periods to reduce long-term impacts.

Question 29: A nonverbal student hits others when frustrated. What should the FBA assess?

A. Academic grades

B. Family income

C. Antecedents and consequences

D. Medical records

Correct Answer: C

and consequences

FBA examines triggers (antecedents) and outcomes (consequences) to determine behavior function (e.g., escape or attention). This data drives effective BIPs teaching replacement skills.

Question 30: Which disability category includes chronic health conditions like epilepsy?

A. Specific learning disability

B. Other health impairment

C. Emotional disturbance

D. Speech impairment

Correct Answer: B

health impairment

OHI covers conditions like epilepsy or ADHD that limit strength, energy, or alertness. Eligibility requires adverse educational impact. Accommodations may include health plans or rest breaks.

Question 31: Scaffolding instruction means:

A. Reducing content

B. Providing temporary supports

C. Eliminating standards

D. Assigning peer tutors

Correct Answer: B

temporary supports

Scaffolding offers adjustable supports (e.g., prompts or graphic organizers) that fade as skills develop. Based on Vygotsky's ZPD, it bridges current and potential abilities through guided practice.

Question 32: What does FERPA protect?

A. Student records privacy

B. Teacher salaries

C. School funding

D. Curriculum choices

Correct Answer: A

records privacy

FERPA prohibits sharing educational records without consent. Parents can access records and request amendments. Exceptions include school officials with legitimate educational interests.

Question 33: A student with TBI (traumatic brain injury) has memory gaps. Which accommodation helps?

A. Oral exams

B. Repeated instructions

C. Fewer questions

D. No homework

Correct Answer: B

instructions

Memory deficits from TBI require repetition and written directions. This accommodation ensures task comprehension without reducing rigor. Pairing verbal with visual cues enhances retention.

Question 34: Which term describes adjusting test presentation for a student?

A. Modification

B. Accommodation

C. Standardization

D. Remediation

Correct Answer: B

Accommodations change how a test is given (e.g., extended time) without altering content. Modifications change what is assessed. Standardization refers to uniform administration.

Question 35: What is the role of a paraprofessional?

A. Create IEPs independently

B. Supervise teachers

C. Assist with instructional support

D. Conduct evaluations

Correct Answer: C

with instructional support

Paraprofessionals implement teacher-planned activities under supervision. They provide one-on-one support, behavior management, or material adaptations but do not design instruction or evaluations.

Question 36: A teacher uses choral reading and phonics games. Which reading approach is this?

A. Whole language

B. Balanced literacy

C. Sight-word only

D. Unstructured

Correct Answer: B

literacy

Balanced literacy combines phonics (systematic sound instruction) and whole language (contextual reading). Activities like choral reading build fluency while addressing diverse learning needs.

Question 37: Extended school year services are determined by:

A. Parent request

B. Regression/recoupment data

C. Teacher availability

D. School budget

Correct Answer: B

data

ESY prevents significant skill loss during breaks. Eligibility is based on data showing regression over vacations and slow recoupment. Services maintain progress toward IEP goals.

Question 38: Which social skill intervention uses role-playing?

A. Social stories

B. Video modeling

C. Scripting

D. Peer-mediated instruction

Correct Answer: D

instruction

Peer-mediated strategies involve role-playing social scenarios with feedback. This evidence-based approach improves social skills for students with ASD by modeling appropriate interactions.

Question 39: What is required in an IEP for a student with deafness?

A. Sports participation

B. Language development supports

C. Reduced graduation requirements

D. Teacher aide funding

Correct Answer: B

development supports

Deaf students need language access through ASL, speech therapy, or cued speech. IEPs must address communication needs to ensure academic and social development.

Question 40: A student qualifies under IDEA but shows sudden behavior changes. The team should first:

A. Suspend the student

B. Review the IEP

C. Call child protective services

D. Retain the student

Correct Answer: B

the IEP

Sudden changes may indicate unmet needs. The IEP team should reassess goals, accommodations, and services before disciplinary actions. This aligns with proactive problem-solving.

Question 41: What is a key component of positive behavior support?

A. Punitive consequences

B. Teaching replacement behaviors

C. Isolation rooms

D. Grade reduction

Correct Answer: B

replacement behaviors

PBS focuses on preventing behaviors by teaching alternatives (e.g., asking for a break). It emphasizes positive reinforcement over punishment, creating supportive environments.

Question 42: Which math strategy helps students with dyscalculia?

A. Memorization only

B. Multisensory number lines

C. Abstract problems

D. Timed drills

Correct Answer: B

number lines

Multisensory tools (e.g., number lines with movement) build concrete understanding for dyscalculia. This addresses deficits in number sense and reasoning through visual-tactile experiences.

Question 43: A student reads fluently but can't comprehend. This may indicate:

A. Dyslexia

B. Hyperlexia

C. Dysgraphia

D. Dyspraxia

Correct Answer: B

Hyperlexia involves precocious decoding with poor comprehension. Students read fluently but struggle with inferencing and vocabulary. Interventions target language and comprehension skills.

Question 44: What is the purpose of a transition portfolio?

A. Collect medical records

B. Showcase work samples for post-school goals

C. Track attendance

D. Report teacher observations

Correct Answer: B

work samples for post-school goals

Transition portfolios compile academic work, assessments, and career exploration. They demonstrate skills to employers or colleges, aiding post-secondary planning and self-advocacy.

Question 45: Which co-teaching model has both teachers leading mixed groups?

A. One teach, one observe

B. Station teaching

C. Team teaching

D. Parallel teaching

Correct Answer: C

teaching

Team teaching has both teachers leading the whole class collaboratively. This model maximizes expertise sharing and allows flexible grouping, benefiting all students.

Question 46: A teacher differentiates by process. Which example applies?

A. Offering text at varied reading levels

B. Allowing essay or poster for assessment

C. Using graphic organizers for some

D. Reducing homework

Correct Answer: C

graphic organizers for some

Differentiating process varies how students access content. Graphic organizers help structure thinking for complex tasks. This supports diverse learners without changing objectives.

Question 47: What defines a specific learning disability under IDEA?

A. Low IQ

B. Sensory impairment

C. Unexpected underachievement

D. Behavioral issues

Correct Answer: C

underachievement

SLD involves deficits in reading, math, or writing despite adequate intelligence and instruction. Discrepancy models or RTI data identify unexpected gaps relative to potential.

Question 48: Prior written notice must include:

A. Teacher names

B. School budget

C. Description of proposed actions

D. Student grades

Correct Answer: C

of proposed actions

Prior written notice explains evaluation results, placement changes, or IEP refusals. It includes reasons, options considered, and parent rights, ensuring informed consent.

Question 49: A student with cerebral palsy struggles with handwriting. Which assistive technology helps?

A. Audio recorder

B. Word prediction software

C. Calculator

D. Highlighter

Correct Answer: B

prediction software

Word prediction suggests words as students type, reducing physical effort for those with motor impairments. It increases writing fluency and independence.

Question 50: Which is a research-based writing intervention for dysgraphia?

A. Copying text repeatedly

B. Explicit sentence combining

C. Oral responses only

D. No spelling instruction

Correct Answer: B

sentence combining

Explicit instruction in sentence structure improves writing organization. For dysgraphia, this builds skills through direct modeling and practice, addressing syntax and cohesion.

Question 51: What is the primary goal of self-determination skills?

A. Compliance with teachers

B. Student independence in decision-making

C. Parental control

D. Standardized test success

Correct Answer: B

independence in decision-making

Self-determination teaches goal-setting, problem-solving, and advocacy. It empowers students to manage their education and transition, leading to better post-school outcomes.

Question 52: A student has a 504 plan for diabetes. School staff must:

A. Provide specialized instruction

B. Administer insulin as needed

C. Modify curriculum

D. Waive state tests

Correct Answer: B

insulin as needed

Diabetes management under 504 includes health plan implementation. Staff must provide glucose monitoring or insulin administration to ensure safety and access.