Chapter 3 Atoms, chemical elements

Materials and structure

atoms and chemicals elements

Chemical element = raw ingredients making up materials such as gemstones

1 chemical element + the substance component entirely of chemically identically atoms.

atom

an atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element that can retain the properties of that element

Atoms in gem material

Atoms making up solid materials prefer bonding together to form 'tidy' orderly material.

They are bonded in a regularly repeating framework = internal structure.

crystal

A single crystalline material with continuous internal crystal structure commonly bonded by crystal faces dictated by that structure.

CRYSTALLINE

A term used to describe materials that possess crystal structure.

AMORPHOUS

A non-crystalline material composed of randomly - arranged atoms or molecules.

The word derives from the Greek meaning 'without form'. Glass is an example of an amorphous material.

MICROCRYSTALLINE

A polycrystalline material in which the individual crystals can only be distinguished under magnification. (see also cryptocrystalline)

MINERAL

A solid, inorganic, crystalline material formed by geological processes.
without human help=natural

how many chemical elements are there

made of 92 elements of which 8 make up almost 99% of the earth crust

The 8 chemical elements that make up 99% of the earth crust

Oygen = O

Silicon = Si

Aluminium = Al

Iron = Fe

Calcium = Ca

Sodium = Na

Potassium = K (Kalium)

Magnesium = Mg

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Colouring elements

8 Transition elements OR colouring elements; responsible for the colour in a wide range of gemstones.

Titanium = Ti

Vanadium = V

Chromium = Cr

Manganese = Mn

Iron = Fe

Cobalt = Co

Nickel = Ni

Copper = Cu

Carbon = makes up a diamond

Boron (B) and Nitrogen (N) = can cause colour in diamonds.

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chemical composition/ compound

A material produced by the chemical bonding of two or more different chemical elements.

vb; corundum= Aluminium (Al) and Oxygen (O) = Al2O3= aluminium Oxide