effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on various organs

• parasympathetic effects: stimulates constrictor muscles; constricts pupils

• sympathetic effects: stimulates dilator muscles, dilates pupils

eye (iris)

parasympathetic effects: stimulates ciliary muscles which results in bulging of the lens for accommodation and close vision

sympathetic effects: no innervation

eye (ciliary muscle)

parasympathetic effects: stimulates secretory activity

sympathetic effects: inhibits secretory activity; causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels that supply the ___

glands (nasal, lacrimal, salivary, gastric, pancreas)

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic: stimulates copious sweating (cholinergic fibers)

sweat glands

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic effects: stimulates to contract (hair erects, produces goosebumps)

arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles

parasympathetic effects: decreases rate, slows and steadies

sympathetic effects: increases rate and force

heart muscle

parasympathetic effects: causes vasoconstriction

sympathetic effects: causes vasodilation

heart: coronary blood vessels

parasympathetic effects: constricts bronchioles

sympathetic effects: dilates bronchioles and mildly constricts blood vessels

lungs

parasympathetic effects: increases motility (peristalsis) and amount of secretion by digestive organs; relaxes sphincters to allow movement of foodstuffs along tract

sympathetic effects: decreases activity of glands of digestive system and constricts sphincters; causes vasoconstriction

digestive tract organs

parasympathetic effects: no effect

sympathetic effects: epinephrine stimulates __ to release glucose to blood

liver

parasympathetic effects: stimulates activity (expel bile)

sympathetic effects: inhibits activity (relaxed)

gallbladder

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic effects: stimulates cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream

adrenal medulla

parasympathetic effects: no effect

sympathetic effects: causes vasoconstriction; decreases urine output

kidney

parasympathetic effects: contraction and relaxation, promotes voiding

sympathetic effects: relaxation and constriction, inhibits voiding

bladder, urethra

parasympathetic effects: causes erection (vasodilation)

sympathetic effects: causes ejaculation

penis

parasympathetic effects: inhibits contraction of smooth muscle of __ wall, causes vasodilation of vessels

sympathetic effects: stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of __ wall, causes vasoconstriction of vessels

uterus

parasympathetic effects: causes erection (vasodilation) of ___

sympathetic effects: causes contraction of ___

vagina, clitoris

parasympathetic effects: little or no effect

sympathetic effects: constricts most vessels and increases blood pressure; constricts ___ of abdominal viscera and skin; dilates __ of the skeletal muscles during exercise

blood vessels

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic effects: increases action

blood coagulation

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic effects: increases metabolic rate

cellular metabolism

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic effects: stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown)

adipose tissue

parasympathetic effects: no innervation

sympathetic effects: increases alertness

mental activity