Era of Good Feelings

1st Industrial Revolution

Begins in England, they forbid skilled workers from leaving

Samuel Slater

Arrived in America in 1789, mechanic, helps design and build the first cotton mill, ushers in the Industrial Revolution in US

Eli Whitney

Cotton gin in 1793 and interchangeable parts (guns then other devices)

Robert Fulton

Steamboat 1807

How is work on farms?

Worked from sunrise to sunset, own pace, task completion

How is work in factories?

Worked by clock, continuously running machines

Causes of Industrialization

Embargo Act, the Era of Good Feelings brought protective tariffs, rivers provided water for mills, transportation revolution, population (young women)

Textile Town in New England

Boston Manufacturing company created by Francis Lowell to build company towns in Massachusetts towns in Waltham and Lowell

Who did the Boston Manufacturing company employ?

Young, single females; lived in boarding houses, attend church on sabbath, 10pm curfew, accept “moral police”

Artisans and workers in Mid Atlantic cities

NY and Philadelphia were home to artisans and craft; carpenters, cigar makers, shoemakers, and leatherworkers

The rich class

Owned most of the weather in cities, social clubs

The poor class

Lived in misery and depended on their children’s labor, large number were immigrants, many were Irish

Free Blacks in the North class

By 1820 slavery disappeared in the north, laws passed to restrict their voting, will establish their own churches (A.M.E Church)

Middle class

Most Americans are in between luxury and poverty, small merchants, manufacturers, landowning farmers and artisans, many men abandoned farming

Social Relationships

Wives are legally subordinate to husbands, Doctrine of Separate Spheres, Cult of Domesticity, birth rate decline for America

Doctrine of Separate Spheres

Middle class women getting a bigger say where they are considered competent

Growth in cities

Transportation revolution sped growth, canals, steamboats, six new states after the end of the War of 1812

Tocqueville and Beaumont in America

May 12, 1831 two French aristocrats arrive in NYC, spend 9 months in the US, toured the country

What did Beaumont write?

Account of American race problem

What did Tocqueville write?

Democratic de Amerique: starting point for subsequent writers describing “the creative element” of American institutions

Election of 1816

James Monroe (Dem-Rep) defeats Rufus King (Fed), Market Economy takes off because of the American System

American System

Made by Henry Clay, established a Protective Tariff, continue the National Bank (2nd), funding canals and roads

NY Erie Canal 1817

Connected Lake Erie and Hudson River, took 8 years to build, can

Anglo-American Rapprochement

America and Britain began to work together, Commercial Convention 1815 (Britain made adjustments for trade), boundary dispute (tensions are easing)

Adam-Onis Treaty 1819

By John Q. Adams, Jackson invades Florida, Spanish gives up Florida

Western Lands

Cheaper land, banks easy credit, took Indian lands, leads to a rise in sectionalism

Panic of 1819

2nd National Bank becomes resented, NB paid the governments debts, insured that paper money had real value

What happened in the West and South during the Panic of 1819?

Land prices collapse, crop prices drop (Napoleon defeated, bumper crop of wheat in Europe, too much cotton in US), farmers declare for bankruptcy, Western states and farmers hated the National Bank

What happened in Eastern cities during the Panic of 1819?

Business failed, unemployment skyrocketed

McCulloch vs MD

Laws of Federal government “Supreme law of land”, implied powers are constitutional, strengthened position of National Government

Slavery

By 1819 22 states (half free), North and West sympathetic to slaves

Upper South in 1819

VA, NC, TN, KT, MO: major centers of industry for the south

Lower South in 1819

SC, GA, AL, MS, AR, LA: heavily dependant on cotton, the only city was New Orleans, senator James Hammond declare “Cotton is King”

Missouri Compromise

Missouri requests to enter as a slave state, when Louisiana entered as a state the rest became the Missouri Territory, in voting that split along sectional lines the house added the Tallmadge

Amendment to the MO enabling act

1819 James Tallmadge, prohibits the further introduction of slavery, all slaves born in MO Territory after it became a state were freed at 25, defeated in the Senate, House: North controlled, Senate: South controlled

Monroe Doctrine

Prompted by Russian aggression and Monroe included statement of American policy in 1823 message to Congress: US wont interfere with European colonies in western hemisphere, US would abstain from involvement in European wars

Election of 1820

Country begins to divide into political regions, harmony largely superficial but the country has reasons to believe: Jeffersonians have accepted most of Hamilton’s economic policies, Jeffersonians balance between individual liberties and responsible government has survived bad management and war

Election of 1824

Politically divided along sectional lines, no winner, House will decide from top 3 electoral vote getters (Henry Clay didn't make it), JQ Adams won the House election

The Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay supports Adams in exchange for Secretary of State, Jackson is bitter and forms the Democrats, Adams forms the National Republicans (Whigs)

Rise of common man

Most states eased voting requirements, got rid of property qualifications, began to use paper ballots

JQ Adams Precidency

Ambassador to Prussia, Britain, Russia, Senator, strong central government and spend more on internal improvements

Election of 1828

Campaign: Jackson “The Common Man”" vs JQ Adams “the aristocrat”, Corrupt Bargain, Jackson wins

Significance of Jacksonian Democracy

National Patriotic Movement, equality between rich and poor, rise of the “common man”

2nd, Two Party System

Democrats vs Whigs, politicians now went to the people, mobilized the electoral Spoils System, replace former appointees with people loyal to incoming officials

Jackson - Inauguration

The “Common Man” was invited to the Presidential Inauguration, letter of Margaret Bayard Smith to Mrs. Kirkpatrick (1st document)

Jackson - 5 point political philosophy as he enters office

1. Federal gov must be obeyed

2. States rights must be preserved

3. National debt must be paid

4. Direct taxes and loans must be avoided

5. Must preserve federal union

Jackson - Veto of the Maysville Road 1830

Act would authorize the National Government to purchase 50,000 shares in Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Company, Jackson’s Veto of Maysville Road to the House of Representatives (2nd document)

Jackson - Indian Removal Act 1830

Jackson was authorized to exchange public lands in the West for Indian territories in the east

Jackson - Veto of the 2nd National Bank

2nd National Bank was very powerful (controlled by Nicholas Biddle), Clay pushes to get Congress to renew charter early, Jackson vetoed the bank claiming it was a private and a privileged monopoly that was immune to taxation

Election of 1832

Clay hopes to ride the renewal of the Bank into the White House, Jackson wins

Nullification Crisis

Passed under JQ Adams, The Tariff of 1828 but with Jacksons people pushing it through the Senate it passes

Rift between Jackson and his VP John C Calhoun during Nullification Crisis

Calhoun argues its unconstitutional, Daniel Webster argues its constitutional, SC Exposition and Protest Convention called for nullification of all tariffs, Force Bill (authorized the president to use arms to collect custom duties), Compromise of 1833

Compromise of 1833

Henry Clay, the tariff will be reduced overtime, Clay becomes the Great Compromise

Jackson - Kills the National Bank

Central political struggle was his war or the Bank of the US, he removes money from the National Bank and place it in state banks, National Bank lost its power to regulate, economy grows quickly

Specie Circular

Executive order from Jackson, only specie would be accepted in payment for public lands, western farmers began trade in paper money for specie

Democrats opposition to Jackson

Jackson was against Federal aid for internal improvements, against the National Bank, against the gov. enforcing moral issues, was for protective tariffs

Whigs opposition to Jackson

Opposition unifies the Wig Party, committed to Clay’s American System (protective tariff, NB, canals and roads), distrusted immigrants, Anti-Masonry

What was Jackson revolting against in the Jacksonian Revolution?

Believed the Market Economy only favored a few, included attacking the NB (using spoils system), the corrupt bargain

Was the Jacksonian Revolution Democratic?

To an extent yes; expansion of voting was massive (only for white males), not Democratic for Native Americans (pushed off their lands), slavery will flourish under his system

Marshal Court 1801-1835

1. Marbury vs Madison: Judicial Review

2. Martin vs Hunters Lessee: Federal courts power to review state court decisions

3. McCulloch vs Maryland: Commerce

4. Gibbons vs Ogden: Federal gov regulates interstate commerce

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren (Dem) won

Panic of 1837

Number of State banks doubled, Bank notes in circulation tripled, land prices soared, everything crashed, Specie Circulation, many don't trust banks, depression lasts till 1843

Specie Circulation

Pay for federal land in gold and silver only

Election of 1840

Democrats nominate Van Buren, Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison, Whigs win, Harrison dies and Tyler becomes president

Lowell Mills

Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, for pioneering a new factory system that combined all the step of making cloth in one place. Beginning of the American Industrial Revolution, introducing mass production, and being the first large-scale employer of young, single women

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

Analyzes American political and social structures. The principle of equality influenced democracy's success, potential dangers like the "tyranny of the majority" and individualism, and helping Europe understand and prepare for its own democratic future

Amistad Case

U.S. Supreme Court battle over the freedom of enslaved Africans who had revolted aboard the Spanish slave ship La Amistad. Supreme Court's ruling that the Africans were illegally enslaved and had the right to fight for their freedom

Worcester vs Georgia

The court struck down Georgia's extension laws. The Supreme Court held that the federal government had exclusive jurisdiction over territories owned by Native Americans

Black Hawk War

United States and Native American tribes led by Chief Black Hawk, fought over land in Illinois and Wisconsin. Native American resistance to American expansion, and the U.S. victory resulted in the final removal of the Sauk and Fox from their lands

Webster Hayne Debate

A Senate debate between Daniel Webster and Robert Y. Hayne that argued states rights vs federal authority. Sectional divisions over slavery and westward expansion, Hayne defending nullification and states rights, Webster argued Constitution was a unified nation

Chief Osceola

Seminole leader who resisted the U.S. policy of Indian removal during the Second Seminole War. Led a guerrilla war to defend their lands in Florida against forced relocation.