Lab exam

What type of waste goes in the sharps waste

clean broken glass

what type of waste goes into the biohazardous waste bin

contaminated broken glass

materials contaminated with bodily fluids

what goes into the autoclave waste

bacterial/microbial waste and used agar plates

evolutions by natural selection is inevitable if:

• Natural variation of traits in a population

• Selective pressure that favours some traits over others leading to better reproductive success

• These developed traits can be inherited by offspring

• enough time is passed for trait to be fixed into a population

what drives evolution

Evolution is driven by natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, and gene flow, leading to changes in population traits over generations.

how can evolution be sped up in bacteria

introducing mutations (UV exposure)

or using antibiotics to create selective pressure (change in enviorment the bacteria is forced to adapt to)

why is bacteria ideal to study evolution

Bacteria are ideal for studying evolution due to their rapid reproduction rates, which allow for quick observation of evolutionary changes, and their ability to adapt to various environments, facilitating studies on natural selection and genetic variation.

Why are mutations passed on

If mutagens affect gametes or lead to changes in DNA sequence, those mutations can be inherited by offspring, potentially affecting traits in the next generation.

Things that can accelarate evolution

• enviormental changes; temp , ph, concentration

• available maiting partners

• competition and predation

• disease

• anything lowering reproductive success or fitness

what labels go on the agar plates

Lab section

date

name

dd#

group treatment

4 quadrants

when does it take longest to mutate like on an experiment in relation to borders of bacterial growth

Initial evolution takes longest to break initial barrier then it occurs faster

Pico method outline

P: population being studies

I: Intervention being tested , here exposure to UV radiation

C: Comparisons with identified control, the wild type bacteria

O: Outcome that will be measured, ZOI showing adaptation to treatment

Two controls being used in bacteria evolution experiment

Wild type agar plates and unexposed bacteria cultures, only distilled water

Purpose of the controls, Wild type and DW

wildtype; to see adaptations to antimicrobial agents based on spontaneous changes

DW; to notice diffrences that occur with the use of antimicrobial agent

WWhen comparing group and class final data which controls will be compared

wildtype compared to UV mutant

Whats a null hypothesis

A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference in a study, serving as a default position that assumes any observed variations are due to chance rather than a specific cause.

Whats euthropication

enrichment of water body with nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems causing exponential growth of algal bloom, dense and low oxygen that decline photosynthetic life bc bacteria take up all oxygen

oligothropic

A term describing a water body that is low in nutrients, typically having high oxygen levels and low algal biomass, supporting diverse aquatic life.

what are primary nutrients needed by plants and put in fertilizers

Primary nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, essential for plant growth and development.

what do plants need phosphorus and nitrogen for

to make proteins and help w DNA and RNA synthesis, as well as cell energy transfer and overall plant health.

what do plants need potassium for

maintaining turgor pressure and regulating overall plant hydration, as well as aiding in photosynthesis and enzyme activation.

what are phyloplankton and why used for experiment

foundation of most aquatic ecosystemsbecause short life and big populations respoinding to high nutrientsfoundational organisms in aquatic ecosystems; they respond rapidly to nutrient changes, making them useful for ecological experiments.

response to high nutrients expected w increase in fertilizer concentration

high nutrient availability = lots of phyloplankton= lots of zooplankton also lots of algal blooms and low oxygen so death of aquatic life

Natural selection in the bacteria evolution experiment is

mechanism of evolution caused by the diffrential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population in response to some selective pressure in the enviorment

components of fertilizer

nitrogen, amino acid and protein creation

potassium; turgor pressure and enzyme activation

phosphorus; dna and energy transfer

cell address

where column meets cell ex. D6

cell in excel is

the intersection of a row and a column, identified by a unique cell reference such as A1 or B2.

whats a pivot table excel

a data processing tool that summarizes and organizes data, allowing for flexible reporting and analysis.

Types of variables in excel

Categorical; individual separate disscrete membership identification,

ex. age, diet type, sun exposure

Binary: yes/no data of test 1=yes 0=no

ex. fatigue, diagnosis, bone pain

Continous; numerical values that can take any value within a range, such as height, weight, or temperature. ex. age, BMI

Categorical variables

are types of variables in Excel that represent discrete categories or groups. They can be used to classify data into distinct groups like age range, diet types, or other classifications.

Continous variables

are numerical data types in Excel that can take any value within a given range. Examples include height, weight, and temperature, which can be measured on a continuous scale.

binary variables

are types of variables in Excel that have only two possible values, typically represented as yes/no or 1/0. Examples include variables like fatigue status or diagnosis.

If you wanted to apply a formula into all cells in a column, what is the most efficient way to do this?

Enter the formula into the first cell, then double-click the fill handle

An efficient and flexible way to organize and analyze subsets of a large dataset would be to:

create a pivot table

You need to be careful how you organize data in a pivot table, as it can potentially change the original dataset.

false

3 things to consider when comparing agents effect on ZOI and antimicrobial activity

solubility of agent, molecular size of agent, stability of agent (effectivenessover time)

Which graph type is most appropriate for exploration of the distribution of the 'population sizes' variable from the Lizard Colouration Dataset?

histogram

Which graph type is most appropriate for visualizing correlation (or lack thereof) between two continuous variables?

scatter plot

Column charts are most useful for:

Comparing summary statistics of a continuous variable across categories

In the lizard colouration dataset, allele 'A' is associated with:

aspecific colouration trait in lizards. here darker

How many years were the lizard populations monitored?

6

Histograms used for

displaying the distribution of single continuous data across intervals

determines if normal skewed or outliers

helps see how much variation exists

histogram

Column or Bar Graphs

• vizualizes data that compares counts or summary values of continous data within discrete categories.

• can convey standard deviation or standard error

bar/colum chart

line graphs

• displays information as a series of data points called "markers" connected by straight line segments.

• useful for showing trends over time.

line graphs

scatter plots

Useful to visualize trends and relationships between data on two

continuous axes, where data may be distributed randomly on both Y and X

axes

– trendlines often added to visualize data trends, trendline equation can be used to predict

values

• Example: Mean rate of photosynthesis over different temperatures

scatter plot

What is eutrophication? What is the relationship between fertilizer use and

eutrophication?

Eutrophication is the enrichment of nutrients (e.g., N, P, K) in a water body leading to

excessive algal growth. [1 pt]

Fertilizers contain these nutrients. When they run off into ponds, lakes, and rivers, they

accelerate eutrophication. [1 pt]

[You could also speak about reduced oxygen levels and subsequent consequences on

aquatic life.

whats a spectotrophotometer used for

measuring amont of light of a specific wavelength is absorbed to determine concetration