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Recurring issue in Development: Nature vs. Nurture
Not quite one or the other
Both are equally important and mutually influence
Recurring issue in Development: Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Continuity: recognizable throughout life stages and continues and develops similarly
Discontinuity: stages of life, not necessarily recognizable from the beginning
Recurring issue in Development: Universal and Context-specific Development
Universal: develops the same all across the board as humans
Context-specific Development: the ways our environment shapes us uniquely as we develop
Biopsychosocial Framework
Biological forces
DNA
Psychological forces
Personality, cognitive frameworks,
Sociocultural forces
Connections to other people, cultural norms, values within culture
Life-cycle forces
Where we are in our life cycle, depending on what occurs and when it could affect us differently
Erikson’s Psychodynamic Theory
Behaviorism
Skinner
Operant conditioning & Reinforcement/ Punishment
Social Learning Theory
Imitation or observational learning
Social Cognitive Theory & Self-efficacy
Cognitive-Developmental Theories
Stresses the development of thought processes
Piaget’s Theory
Develop 4 discrete stages; children are “Little Scientists” testing theories
Information Processing
Similar to computers - become better able to process information over time (as we mature); mental hardware & software
Vgotsky’s Theory
Influenced by sociocultural context; children “apprentice” with skilled older adults to learn what is values
Ecological Systems Approach: Bronfenbrenner’s Theory
Look at everything developmentally as a whole (interconnected).
Example: Getting into a fight with a roommate and then coming to class. The fight would influence your focus.
Ecological Systems Approach: Environmental Press Theory
Different demands and expectations at varying amounts
This term is used when people are talking about the degree to which genetics and heredity influence our growth & development.
nature
In the biopsychosocial framework, influences on our development such as our workplace, schools, and neighborhoods would best be classified as this type of force.
sociocultural
This perspective notes the importance of plasticity in human development.
Lifespan perspective
This perspective stresses that adaptation or development depends upon how the environment places demands on a person compared to their own abilities or competence.
Environmental press theory
This is the term related to conception that refers to weeks 3 to 8 after fertilization, when the development of what will become organs such as the heart, brain and nervous system begin to form.
embryo
Which of the following is considered a teratogen that can cause abnormal prenatal development?
all of these
Most of the time, if a woman becomes ill or sick during pregnancy it does not negatively affect the fetus.
True
Ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) are primarily used for:
prenatal
Life-Span Perspective
Aging is a lifelong process
Many factors explain development, not explained adequately by one
Key features:
Multidirectional
Plasticity (ability to neurologically bounce back)
Historical context (developed within the culture of our time)
Multiple causation
SOC
Choices determine & regulate development with 3 processes
SOC process: Selective-elective & Loss-based
Loss based selection: always ran marathons; injured hip and modified based on loss
SOC process: Optimization
minimize loss; maximize gains
SOC process: Compensation
alternate ways to reach goals
Life-course Perspective
Describes ways in which various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical context.
3 Major Dimensions of Life-course Perspective
Individual timing of events
Synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones
Impact of earlier life events, as shaped by historical events, on subsequent ones
Paths from Genes to Behavior
How does the information in DNA influence a person’s behavioral & psychological development?
Heredity & environment interact dynamically throughout development
Genes can influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed
Environmental influences typically make children within a family different
Weeks 1-2
Zygote
Weeks 3-8
Embyro
Weeks 9-38
Fetus
Risk factors on prenatal development
Nutrition, stress, and Mother’s age
Teratogen definition
Negative factors that influence during the prenatal period
Teratogens examples:
Drugs, diseases, environment
Stage 1 of childbirth
Body prepares for labor, can last up to 24 hours, lasts a long time
Cervix starts to open
Stage 2 of childbirth
The cervix starts dilating at 10 cm
Pushing
Epideral off the table
Stage 3 of childbirth
Afterbirth; placenta birth
Complications
Breached (rotated) babies
Umbilical cord wrapped around individual
Preeclampsia: swollen legs, can lead to organ failure, constantly at the doctor
Infant mortality
Infants that pass away in delivery to a year of age
What are newborn reflexes and examples?
Reflexes are unlearned responses triggered by a specific form of stimulation
Survival value
Rooting, sucking, eye blinks
Infant swimming lessons
Developmental precursors to voluntary movement
Stepping
Indicator of the health of the child’s nervous system
Apgar Score
Newborn assessment: Breathing, heartbeat, muscle tone, reflexes, skin tone
0-3 severely depressed, 4-6 moderately depressed, excellent condition
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Autonomic, motor, state, social
Newborn state: alert activity
Calm, eyes open and attentive, deliberately inspecting the environment
Sleeps every 3 hours and awake for 1
Newborn state: walking activity
Open but unfocused eyes, uncoordinated motions
Newborn state: crying activity
Crying vigorously, motion is agitated and uncoordinated
Cries 3 hours a day
Newborn state: sleeping activity
Eyes closed, degree activity (still/ gente moving) and quality of breathing (regular/irregular) alternate
SIDS
Sudden death of a healthy baby
Occurs between 2-4 months old
Risk factors
Premature & low birth rate
Parental smoking
Child overheating & sleeping on stomach
African American & Native American infants (more common)
Temperament
Consistent styles or patterns of infant behavior
Rothbart’s 3 Dimensions (2011):
Surgency/Extraversion
Negative Affect
Effortful Control
Environmental & Parental influences
Temperament stability
Rapidly developing brains and nervous systems
Foundation is there, but the pathways and everything hasn’t been developed
Neurons produced at 10 weeks after conceptions, and by 28 weeks the developing brain has nearly ALL the neurons it will ever have
Different brain systems specialize at different rate
Successful specialization requires stimulation from the environment
Immature brain of infancy (lack of specialization) = greater plasticity
What are motor skills?
Coordinated movements of the muscles & limbs
Fine and gross motor skills
Creeping/ crawl
9-10 months
Toddling
12-14 months
Dynamic systems theory
Integrate many different skills to master the different aspects of locomotion
Posture & Balance
Maintain upright posture
Infants top-heavy
Balance relearned with new skills
Stepping
Alternatively moving legs and transferring body weight
Environmental cues
Use cues from the environment & parents to make decisions about safety
Coordinating Skills
Differentiation & integration
Practice
Reaching & grasping
Manipulating & holding
Become skilled at ~ 12 months
Feeding & dressing skills
Handedness
Nature vs. nurture
Perception
Process by which brain receives, selects, modifies and organizes nerve impulses
Smell
Well-developed at birth
Quickly develop preferences for different smells
Taste
Begins to develop prenatally
Preference for certain tastes - effect on behavior
Touch
Touch is important! It affects the physiological, emotional, cognitive, and social development of infants
Newborn’s body responds reflexively when touched
Experience pain
Preference varies from infant to infant
Hearing
Starts in the womb
Develops rapidly throughout infancy
Differentiation of sounds
Infant hearing loss
Affects 1.7 per 1000 babies in US
Average age of diagnosis: 12-25 mo
Causes of hearing loss
Implications if not detected early
Infant hearing loss screening
Not reacting to sounds or speech (0-3 months)
Does Not responding to changes in tone, toys that make noise (3-6 months)
Doesn't make babbling noises or know words for common items (6 to 10 months)
Doesn't enjoy games like peek-a-boo, play with own voice (10 to 15 months)
This term is used to describe the extent to which an infant can focus attention and inhibit their responses and not be easily distracted.
effortful control
Compared to other stages of development, growth and development during infancy occur:
more rapidly
This theory suggests that motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized as a child develops to meet their specific needs.
dynamic systems theory
The visual cliff test can be used with infants to assess this aspect of their perception:
depth
This theory refers to the development of a basic understanding of the relationship between the mind and body that emerges as children develop.
theory of mind
Vision in infants
Least developed sense and legally blind
Develops rapidly and can’t see color at first
Kinetic cues
Movement (something getting larger is getting bigger)
Visual expansion
Things closer move more (a car vs. mountain)
Binocular disparity
Right and left eyes see differently
Pictorial cues
Using 3-dimensional things depicted 2-dimensionally
Perceiving objects
Limited in newborns but develops rapidly
When should vision be checked as an infant?
At or before 6 months
What are common vision conditions in infants?
Amblyopia (imbalance in muscle position of eyes)
Strabismus (misalignment of the eyes)
Myopia/Hyperopia (nearsightedness or farsightedness)
Astigmatism (curvature of the eyes)
18-24 months
Children gain self-awareness
Self-awareness
Mirror test
Dot on child’s nose & placed in front of mirror
Reach toward mirror to touch the spot (12-15 mo) → no self awareness
Reach toward their own nose to touch the spot (~15-24 mo) → self awareness
Theory of mind
A naive understanding of the relationship between mind & behavior
Emerges between 2-5 years of age
Develops in 5 phases (Wellman)
Desire
Different beliefs
Different states of knowledge
Belief
Emotion
AN EMOTION CAUSES A BEHAVIOR
Ex: A child being told “no” for a toy, and then they throw a tantrum.
Theory of mind- Autism
acquire language later than usual and they are often uninterested in other people
Symptoms emerge early in life (~2 years of age)
*% of children worldwide diagnosed with ASD
80% are boys
Main concept of Piaget’s Theory: Schemes
the way the world is seen
Main concept of Piaget’s Theory: Assimilation
takes information that I get everyday (fits it with the way I see the world, or “schema”
Main concept of Piaget’s Theory: Accommodation
Change the schema to fit what they deal with on a daily basis
Main concept of Piaget’s Theory: Equilibration
Kids want things to make sense and to have equilibrium
Piaget’s First Stage of Development 0-2 years
Sensorimotor
Piaget’s Second Stage of Development 2-7 years
Preoperational
Piaget’s Third Stage of Development 7-11 years
Concrete Operational
Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Development 11 years & up
Formal Operational
Piaget’s stages of development 0-1 month
Exercising reflexes
Piaget’s stages of development 1-4 months
Learning to adapt
Piaget’s stages of development 4-8 months
Making interesting events
Piaget’s stages of development 8-12 months
Behaving intentionally
Piaget’s stages of development 12-18 months
Experimenting
Piaget’s stages of development 18-24 months
Using symbols
Object permanence
World is full of inanimate and animate objects
Talking and gestures
Emerging capacity to use symbols