POLYMERS OF LIFE

Between alcohol, c.acids and phenols, which is the most acidic?

C.acid

What would the observations be when u drop ethanoic acid on universal indicator paper?

Paper would turn red, indicating an acidic pH.

What type of acid is ethanoic acid?

Weak acid

Write the ionisation equation of ethanoic acid in water

CH₃COOH ⇌ CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺

Why are some acids ‘stronger’ even though they are in the same concentration?

Stronger acids dissociates more completely in solution, higher conc of H⁺ ions.

Write a balanced equation for ethanoic acid + NaOH

CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COO^-Na⁺ + H₂O

Write the ionic equation for ethanoic acid + NaOH (include state symbols)

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)

What is the ionic equation for all acid + alkali reactions?

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)

Write the balanced equation for ethanoic acid + magnesium

2CH₃COOH + Mg → (CH₃COO-)₂Mg²⁺ + H₂

Write the ionic equation for ethanoic acid + magnesium

2H⁺ + Mg → Mg²⁺ + H₂

Between alcohol, c.acids and phenols, which is the least acidic?

Alcohols

What does alcohol + NaOH make?

Nothing / no reaction

What is the main rule for naming esters?

Alcohol before C.acid

Name: CH₃COOCH₂CH₂CH₃

Proply-enthanoate

What are the 2 reactions of esters?

How to make them / how to break them

What are the 2 compounds that provides an -OH group to make esters?

Alcohol / phenol

What are the 3 compounds that provides an C=O group to make esters?

Acyl chloride / acid anhydride / c.acid

What is an important condition needed when using acyl chlorides in reactions?

Anhydrous conditions

How do you name acyl chlorides? (like what do the names end with)

__anoyl chloride

What does c.acids NOT react with to make esters?

Phenol

Why does phenol + c.acid not work?

Both reactants are too unreactive

What are the conditions for -OH + acid anhydride?

RTP

What are the conditions for alcohol + c.acid?

Reflux with c.H2SO4

State how would you break esters?

Hydrolysis with H2O

Why may hydrolysis of esters with H2O be an issue, and how could you fix it?

H2O alone is very slow (reaction), use acid / alkali catalyst

What is the concentration range of acid / alkaline catalysts in ester hydrolysis?

4-6 moldm^-3

What acid catalyst should you use in ester hydrolysis?

HCl

What alkali catalyst should you use in ester hydrolysis?

NaOH

What are the 2 conditions of ester hydrolysis?

4-6moldm^-3 acid or alkali catalysts / reflux

What is the first step of ester hydrolysis?

Break the bond

What is the second step of ester hydrolysis?

Add in H-OH

What is the third step of ester hydrolysis?

Consider if products will react with catalyst

What does c.acid + alkali make?

Carboxylate ion + H2O

What does alcohol + alkali make?

No reaction

What does alcohol + acid make?

No reaction

Describe a tertiary amine

Nitrogen atom bonded to 3 carbon atoms

What 2 compound is needed to make amines?

Haloalkane + NH3

What are the 2 conditions of making amines?

Heat / in a sealed tube

What is the scent of amines?

Fishy

What is a clear observation that an amine is present?

Fishy smell

What is the mpt / btp of amines? and explain why

Have IMF, so mpt / btp is low (but relatively high compared to other molecules due to H-bonding)

What is the solubility of amines in H2O? and why?

Is soluble, can form H-bonds with H2O molecules

Suggest when would the solubility of amines decrease?

Soubility deceases, as C chain length increase

What is the name of a phenol but with NH2 instead of the OH?

Phenylamine

Give the non-systematic name of CH3NH2

Methylamine

What does the non-systematic names of amines end in?

__yl-amine

What is the systematic way of naming amines?

Amino__ane

Give the systematic of CH₃CHNH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

2-aminopentane

Give the non-systematic name of CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂

Propylamine

Give the systematic name of CH₃CH₂CH₂NH₂

1-aminopropane

What 3 things, amines can act as?

Ligands / nucleophiles / base

What are the 4 reactions of amines?

Can act as ligands / Can act as nucleophiles (L.P donor) / Can act as a base (H+ acceptor) due to L.P / Can form amides in condensation rxn with acyl chloride

What could be used in replace of acyl chloride while making amides from amines in industry?

C.acid

What happens to an amine, when reacted with an acid?

Amine is protonated

Give the products of CH₃CH₂NH₂ + HCl →

CH₃CH₂NH₃⁺ Cl ^-

What are the 2 reactions of amides that we need to know?

How to make / How to break them

What is the name of the reaction that makes amides?

Condensation reaction

What are the conditions for the reaction [ amide + acyl chloride → amide + HCl ]

RTP / anhydrous

In the reaction [ amide + acyl chloride → amide + HCl ] , what are the 2 possible observations?

Amide= white solid / HCl= steamy white fumes

What are the 2 compounds needed to make amides at RTP?

Amines + acyl chloride

What is the name of the reaction for breaking amides?

Hydrolysis

What are the 2 conditions for amide hydrolysis?

4-6moldm^-3 acid or alkali catalysts / reflux

Amine + acid catalyst would make… ?

Protonated amine

What are the products for the hydrolysis of amides with H2O?

Amine + c.acid

What are addition polymers?

Monomers joined with no loss of atoms

What are condensation polymers?

Monomers joined with loss of a small molecule

What are the 2 main condensation polymers?

Polyesters / Polyamides

What are the 2 monomers needed to make polyesters?

Diol + dicarboxylic acid

4-hydroxy pentanoic acid

What are the 2 monomers needed to make polyamides?

Diamine + Diacyl-chloride

What is the alternative name of polyamides?

Nylons

What does the numbers in ‘nylon 5,4’ mean?

5= 5C’s in the diamine / 4= 4C’s in the dicarboxylic acid

What catalyst do you usually use for the hydrolysis of condensation polymers?

NaOH

What IMF’s are in polyesters?

PdPd forces between the ester groups on different chains

What IMF’s are in polyamides?

H-bonding between the amide groups on different chains

Suggest 2 circumstances that increases the strength of IMF’s of polyesters / polyamides

When chains are closer together / when the functional groups are closer together

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

20

Which amino acid distrupts the a-helices & B-pleated sheets?

Proline

What happens to amino acids in acidic conditions?

The amine (group) becomes protonated

What happens to amino acids in alkali conditions?

The c.acid group becomes a carboxylate ion

What happens to amino acids in neutral conditions?

Becomes charged at both ends (zwitter ion)

What is the state of amino acids at RTP in neutral conditions? and why?

Solids at RTP due to ionic bonding (caused by zwitter ion)

When amino acids join through condensation reaction, they form a….?

Secondary amide group

What is it called when 2 amino acids are joined together?

A dipeptide

What is the name of the functional group of amino acids?

Secondary amide group

What are the 3 steps in identifying which amino acids were joined?

Hydrolysis / chromatography / use ninhydrin to visualize the spots

Which amino acid does not have optical isomers?

Glycine

What are the 2 types of isomers?

Structural / stereoisomers

How many different dipeptides can you make when 2 different aa’s joined?

2 different dipeptides

What are the 2 stereoisomers?

E/Z isomers / optical isomers

What are E/Z isomers?

Have C=C which restricts rotation / have 2 different groups on each C of C=C

What do optical isomers need?

4 different groups around a C (chiral C)

What is a chiral C atom?

A C atom with 4 different groups attached to it

What are enantiomers?

Mirror imagines of each other, which cannot be superimposed

2 ways which 2 enantiomers can differ (1/2)

They rotate plane polarised light in different directions

2 ways which 2 enantiomers can differ (2/2)

They interact with other chiral molecules differently

What are proteins made from?

Amino acids

How are the monomers of proteins joined?

By secondary amide links

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The order of amino acids

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

The overall 3-D shape given by the folding of the secondary structure