Unit 8 - Clinical Psychology

Xanax and Ativan

drugs used to control anxiety

Thorazine and Clozaril

drugs to control schizophrenia

psychological disorders

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

DSM-5

a book of criteria to diagnosis people

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention or hyperactivity

anxiety disorders

disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety

social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

generalized anxiety disorder

continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of nervous system arousal

panic disorder

unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread

phobias

an anxiety disorder marked by irrational fears

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places

OCD

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both

distress

negative stress

medical model

the concept that diseases can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

PTSD

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

survivor resiliency

ability to recover after severe stress

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

stimulus generalization

developing a fear of a similar event

stimulus reinforcement

helps maintain learned fears and anxieties

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months

persistent depressive disorder

depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood

depression

a prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal

Serotonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context

rumination

overthinking about our problems and their causes

nonsuicidal self-injury

direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue

schnizophrenia

a disorder with delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or inappropriate emotions

psychotic disorder

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

hallucinations

false sensory experiences

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

word salad

Incoherent mixture of words, phrases, and sentences

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

chronic schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood

acute schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder

two or more distinct personalities within one body

personality disorder

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by inhibition in social situations; feelings of inadequacy; oversensitivity to criticism

schizotypal personality disorder

eccentric or odd behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

psychoanalysis

attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

resistance

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

psychodynamic therapy

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

behavior therapy

a treatment process that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and reinforcements

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

exposure therapies

treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization

associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

rational-emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Albert Ellis

Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)

Aaron Beck

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

nondirective counseling

the type of counseling that assumes the client is the one who knows what is best

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research

alternative therapies

method of treatment used in place of biomedical therapies

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

an exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid

light exposure therapy

therapy that involves a timed daily dose of intense light

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client

biomedical treatments

drug therapy, psychosurgery, electric and magnetic therapies

pyschopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

mood stabilizing drugs

used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

lithium

a powerful drug used for people who are bipolar

electroconclusive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

transcranial magnetic stimulation

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

repetetive transcranial magnetic stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

deep brain stiumulation

a painless magnetic field through the skull to the cortex

psychosurgery

surgical destruction of specific brain areas