Skeletal System

Human Movement

how many bones in the hand

27

how many bones in a foot

26 bones

how many ligaments in a foot

33 joints

What is a long bone?

• Hard, dense, narrow bones

• Contains important nutrients with the shaft
  -calcium - bone marrow

3 examples of long bones

• Femur

• Tibia

• Humerus

What is a short bone?

Bones that are as long as they are wide.

What is a flat bone?

• Protects vital organs

• large flat surface area: to provide protection & surface for muscles to attach

Examples of flat bones:

• scapula

• sternum

• ribs

• skull

What are irregular bones?

• Bones with no standard shape

• Shaped for specific function

Examples of irregular bones

• Vertebrae

• Pelvis

What are sesamoid bones?

Short or irregular bones in embedded within a tendon.

Examples of sesamoid bones

• Patella: embedded within quadriceps tendon of the knee

What is the axial of the skeletal system

The main frame that the appendages are connected to.

What is the anatomical position?

• When the body is facing forward including the hands and feet

• Standing upright

• The legs are parallel to one another

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Made of the upper and lower appendages.

What does superior mean

Top or towards the top

What does inferior mean?

Bottom or towards the bottom

What does anterior/ventral mean?

Front or toward the front

Dorsal meaning

AKA: posterior
Back or towards the back

Medial meaning

Towards the middle

Lateral meaning

towards the side

Superficial meaning

AKA: External
Towards the surface

What does deep/interal mean?

Away from the surface

What does proximal mean?

Towards the trunk

What does distal mean?

Away from the trunk

WRITE DIRECTIONAL SENTENCES WITH BLANKS

What does flexion mean?

Decrease angle between segments

What does Extension mean?

Increase angles between segments

Are flexion and Extension related?

Yes, flexion means to decrease the angle between segments whilst extension means to increase the angle between segments.

What does abduction mean?

A lateral (side) movement of a body part away from the midline.

What does adduction mean?

A movement towards the midline.

Why are abduction and adduction realted

as abduction is a movement away from the midline whilst adduction is a movement towards the midline.

what does rotation mean?

turning around a segment along an axis

What does supination mean?

Movement so the palm faces upward and forward (applies only to hand)

How may supination be rememberd?

Holding a bowl of soup.

what is pronation?

movement that turns the palm to face downwards or backwards.

what are the movement terms for rotating the palm downwards and upwards

pronation (downwards)
supination (upwards )

what is protraction?

Protraction is forward movement of a body part.

what is retraction?

Retraction is the backward movement of a body part.

What is elevation?

Elevation is lifting a body part upwards.

what is depression?

depression is the lowering of body parts.

what is the name of the movements that are lifting and lowering of body parts.

Elevation ( lifting)
Depression (lowering)

what does the movement term inversion mean?

Inversion is the sole of the foot turning medially (inwards/towards centre)

what does the movement term eversion mean?

The movement term eversion means to turn the sole of the foot laterally (outwards)

what does the movement term plantar flexion mean?

The movement term plantar extension means the ankle extension

What does the movement term dorsiflexion mean?

The movement term dorsiflexion means ankle flexion.

what are immoveable joints?

bones which are fused together and therefore allow no movememnt to occur

another name for immovable joints

is fibrous.

what is an example of an immovable or fibrous joint?

The skull is an immovable or fibrous joint.

List all the movement terms.

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Supination
Pronation

Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Inversion
Eversion
Plantar flexion
Dorsi flexion

What are slightly moveable or cartilaginous joints?

Bones which are joined by cartilage.

Examples of slightly moveable joints

Ribs joining the sternum

What is the function of the skeletal system?

• Main support structure in all physical activity

• Responsible for providing stabilit

• Provides internal frame for muscles and joint to work together to perform voluntary movements

• Enables our bodies to move effectively

  by providing support and leverage so that balanced movement occur

How many bones in the adult body?

206

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

• Stores calcium

• Produces red blood cells

• Provides structure

• Protection for the body

what are the areas of the vertebrae?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

How many vertebrae in the cervical vertebrae?

7, broken up into upper (C1 and C2) & lower (C3-C7)

What vertebrae is the atlas?

C1, Cervical 1

what is the function and location of the atlas?

The atlas supports the skull in C1

What is the name of C2?

The axis.

What is the function of axis and location?

Provides the pivot which allows the head to rotate.

How many vertebrae in each of the spines sections?

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacrum: 5
Coccyx: 3-5

What is the Thoracic vertebrae?

The bones that the ribs connect to. This part of the spine has a limited range of motion.

Why as you move down the lumbar region dows the vertebrae increase in size?

As this part of the spine bears much more of the body’s weight and biomechanical stress.

What is the Sacrum?

5 vertebrae fused together

also fits between the hips and connect the spine and pelvis.

What is the coccyx

3-5 vertebrae fused together that are a residual tailbone.
Important attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons.

What are the body segments/planes?

Frontal, sagittal, transverse.

How is the frontal plane divided?

anterior(front) posterior (back)

How is the sagittal plane divided?

Left and right

how is transverse divided?

Superior (closer to top) and Inferior (closer to bottom)

what is the horizontal segment?

The transverse segment.

what is the coronal plane/segment?

The frontal plane

The knee is _______ to the foot

superior

The fingers are _____ to the elbow.

distal

The hip is ______ to the spine

lateral

What is a hinge joint?

-acts like a door hinge

-allows on flexion and extension in 1 direction

example of hinge joint

elbow

What is a ball and socket joint?

• allows for wide range of movement

• a bone with spherical head that fits into another bone with cup-like socket.

Example of ball and socket

hip and shoulder joints

What is a saddle joint?

Joint where one bone is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse

example of saddle joint

thumb between carpal and metacarpal

what is a pivot joint?

one bone rotates around another

example of pivot joint

first 2 cervical vertebrae (atlas & axis)

what is a gliding joint

bones with slide past eachother

Example of gliding joint

midcarpal and midtarsal

what is a condyloid joint?

Two bones which fit together with an odd shape
similar to ball and socket except the ball rests against the end of the bone, rather than inside a socket

example of a condyloid bone

Bones of the hands and wrist.

SYNOVIAL

?

5 types of synovial joints

• hinge

• ball & socket

• saddle

• pivot

• gliding

• condyloid

what are moveable or synovial joints

Joints which move freely in at least one direction
Most of the bones in the body are synovial
Various types of synovial joints: knee, ankle, hip.

what is cartilage?

smooth, slightly elastic tissue

covers ends of bones in most synovial joints

provides shock absorption and reduces frictions between bones

what are tendons?

join muscle to bone.
very strong and rigid and allow free movement of joints

what are ligaments?

Join bone to bone across joints

Their slight elasticity provides stability however only allow minimal movement at joints