Linguistics Final

linguistics

study of the rules of human language

pragmatic function

what we want to do with language

interchangeability

speakers and hearers

cultural transmission

details through experiences

arbitariness

form doesnt equal the meaning

discreteness

small units build larger

displacement

ability to take about things not present

phonetics

study of minimal units

phonology

rules governing sound combos

morphology

study of words, word formations, and word structure

syntax

study of sentences, how words and phrases arrange

bilabial

bringing two lips together

labiodental

one lip to teeth

interdental

tongue through back of teeth

alveolar

tongue on back of teeth

postalveolar

tongue barely on roof of mouth- sh, ch, j

palatal

j

velar

soft palette, back of throat, k, g, ng

glottal

open mouth, h

stop

obstruction of air

frictative

ch, j

nasal

air through nasal only, m, n

lateral liquid

l

retroflex liquid

r

glide

j, w

tone

changes words meanings

intonation

expresses emotions across phrases

nucleus & coda

rhyme

onset and rhyme

syllable

word

2+ syllables

phonotactics

the way sounds can combine to form words

phonemes

meaningfully distinct sounds

predictable distributions

how sounds change in contexts

minimal pairs

contrastive distribution

contrastive distribution

different phonemes

contrastive distribution- can occur in

same environments

complementary distribution

allophones of the same phoneme

voicing assimilation

sounds become voiced/voiceless when paired with another sound

nasal place assimiliation

sounds become more nasal because of environment

nasalization

sound becomes nasal because its near a nasal

dissimilation

less like a neighboring sound

deletion

sound gets removed during production

epenthesis

sound gets added during production

morphemes

add meaning to words

bound morphemes

prefixes & suffixes

free morphemes

have meaning on their own

content morphemes

N,V, Adj, Adv

function morphemes

prefixes & suffixes

substitution test with nouns, replace with

pronouns

substitution test with verbs, replace with

“do it/so”

substitution test with pp, replace with

“there”, “then”

declaratives

I like pizza

interrogratives

Do you like pizza

requests

Declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives

imperatives

give me the pizza

performatives

you may now kiss the bride

quality

true

quantity

appropriate amount

relevance

on topic

manner

speaking appropriately to the context

lexical semantics

individual words and their meaning

compositional semantics

how words combine to create meaning

synchronic variation

one point in time

diachronic variation

historically

greshams law & euphemisms

using softer substitutes over time changes how we talk over time

borrowing

other languages words

conversion

shift lexical category

clipping

taking part of a word

eponym

someones name

blends

combining words